1857

{| align=right cellpadding=3 id=toc style="margin-left: 15px;"\n|- \n| align="center" colspan=2 | Years:
1854 1855 1856 - 1857 - 1858 1859 1860 \n|-\n| align="center" colspan=2 | Decades:
1820s 1830s 1840s - 1850s - 1860s 1870s 1880s \n|- \n| align="center" | Centuries:
18th century - 19th century - 20th century

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\n1857 in art
\n1857 in literature
\n1857 in music
\n1857 in science
\n1857 in sports\n----\nList of state leaders in 1857
\nList of religious leaders in 1857\n|}

Table of contents

1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths

Events

\n* January 9 - Earthquake at Fort Tejon, California with an estimated magnitude of 7.9\n* February 16 - The National Deaf Mute College (later renamed Gallaudet University) is established in Washington, DC becoming the first school for the advanced education of the deaf.\n* March 3 - France and the United Kingdom declare war on China.\n*March 4 - End of term for President of the United States Franklin Pierce. He is succeeded by James Buchanan.\n* March 5 – In London, ex-solicitor James Towsend Saward is sentenced for transportation for forging number of cheques over the years\n* March 6 - The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case, driving the country further towards the American Civil War.\n* March 23 - Elisha Otis' first elevator is installed (at 488 Broadway, New York City)\n* May 10 - Indian Mutiny: In India, the Mutiny of XI Native Cavalry of the Bengal Army in Meerut, revolt against the British Army\n* May 11 - Indian Mutiny: Indian rebels seize Delhi from the British. \n* June 6 - Sophia of Nassau marries the future King Oscar II of Sweden-Norway.\n* July 15 – Second Cawnpore massacre during the Indian Mutiny\n* August - Calcutta University established.\n*November 30 - End of term for President of Mexico Ignacio Comonfort. He is succeeded by Félix María Zuloaga.\n* December 31 - Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa, Ontario as the capital of Canada \n* Divorce without parliamentary approval becomes legal in Britain\n* Mountain Meadows Massacre in Utah\n* Speculation in US railway shares causes financial crisis in Europe\n* Russian serfs emancipated\n*The Mormons abandon Las Vegas\n*Founding of Hollywood\n*Restoration of the Mexican republic (see Mexico/History)\n*Discovery of La Tene culture artifacts in Switzerland by Hansli Kopp.\n*Philip Henry Gosse writes Omphalos text elaborating a Creationist school of thought\n*University of Bombay established\n*The Mughal Empire is finally destroyed by the British Empire.

Births

\n* February 22 - Lord Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the Scouting youth movement (†1941)\n* February 22 - Heinrich Hertz, physicist\n* March 8 - Ruggiero Leoncavallo, composer († 1919)\n* April 5 - Alexander of Battenberg, first prince of Bulgaria\n* May 31 - Pope Pius XI († 1939)\n* July 23 - Carl Meinhof († 1944) German linguist \n* July 30 - Thorstein Veblen, economist († 1929)\n* September 5 - Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, scientist, inventor († 1935)\n* September 13 - Milton S. Hershey, founder of the Hershey Chocolate Company\n* November 26 - Ferdinand de Saussure, Swiss linguist\n* November 28 - Alfonso XII of Spain, later one of the Kings of Spain\n* December 3 - Joseph Conrad, Polish/British novelist (Heart of Darkness)\n* Joseph Tabrar, one of the most famous songwriters of British Music Hall

Deaths

\n*February 10 - David Thompson, British-Canadian explorer, the first European to explore Columbia River from source to mouth.\n*May 11 - Eugène François Vidocq, French criminal, first director of Surete Nationale and founder of the earliest known private detective agency.\n*May 23 - Augustin Louis Cauchy, French mathematician.\n*July 19 - Stefano Franscini, member of the Swiss Federal Council (* 1796)\n*September 3 - John McLoughlin, Hudson's Bay Company Factor.\n*November 26 - Joseph von Eichendorff, lyricist and narrator.\n*December 15 - Sir George Cayley, English aviation pioneer.\n*Johann Georg Hiedler, step-father of Alois Hitler \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n