1860s

Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century Decades: 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s - 1860s - 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s Years: 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869

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Events and trends

\n*Italian unification under King Victor Emmanuel II. Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the Papal States (March 17, 1861 - September 20, 1870).\n* American Civil War fought between the remaining United States of America under President Abraham Lincoln and the self-declared Confederate States of America under President Jefferson Davis (April 12, 1861 - April 9, 1865). Beginning of the Reconstruction era under President Andrew Johnson (1865 - 1869).\n* French occupation of Mexico (1863 - 1867). Replacement of President of Mexico Benito Juárez (1861 - 1863) at first with Juan Nepomuceno Almonte (1863 - 1864) and then by Emperor Maximilian of Mexico (1864 - 1867). Benito Juárez eventually manages to recover his position (1867 - 1872).\n*Meiji Restoration in Japan (1866 - 1869). Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 15th and last of the Tokugawa shoguns loses control to the Meiji Emperor. A series of reforms follows. The samurai class fails to survive while the Daimyo turn to politics.\n* Catholicism Reaction against Higher Criticism and liberal movement in Europe

World leaders

\n* Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)\n* Emperor Napoleon III (France)\n* King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy)\n* Pope Pius IX\n* Emperor Alexander II (Russia)\n* Queen Victoria (United Kingdom)\n* Prime Minister Lord Palmerston (United Kingdom)\n* Prime Minister Lord Derby (United Kingdom)\n* Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)\n* President James Buchanan (United States)\n* President Abraham Lincoln (United States)\n* President Andrew Johnson (United States) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n