Antichrist
\nIn
Christian eschatology,
the Antichrist is a
person or other entity that is the embodiment of
evil, and utterly opposed to
God,
Jesus Christ, and the
Christian church. The name "Antichrist" is mentioned only in the
New Testament epistles of
John the Evangelist; but many Christians identify this Antichrist with the
Beast, who appears in the
Book of Revelation. The Antichrist is variously understood as being a consummately evil system of government or religion, the incarnation of Satan, a son of Satan, or a human being under the liege of Satan. The English word,
Antichrist, is anglicized from the
Greek, and literally means
instead of Christ.
Sometimes the term
antichrist (lowercase "a") is used to refer to any false
messiah or prophet. In this usage it may refer to one accused of preaching falsely about God,
Jesus, or Christianity in general, and who is seen as a corrupter of Christian religion. It seems to be used in this way in 1 John Chapter 2 verse 22. It seems however to be used to refer to a specific person in 1 John Chapter 2 verse 18.
In
Islam, a figure comparable to the Antichrist is ad-
Dajjal, foe of the
Mahdi, who will be defeated by
Isa, the Islamic interpretation of Jesus, in an
apocalyptic battle at the end of time.
In the New Testament
The only two books in the Bible that literally use the term, antichrist, are 1 John: "Who is the liar but he who denies that Jesus is the Christ? This is the antichrist, he who denies the Father and the Son." (1 John 2:22 ESV; see also 2:18, 4:3, 1:7) and 2 John 1:7. However, related ideas and references appear in many places in the Bible and various apocrypha, so that a more complete biblical portrait of the Antichrist has been built up gradually by Christian theologians and folk-religionists. Matthew 24 warns of "false Christs" in several places, and of deceivers who would appear falsely claiming to be the returned Christ. (Matt. 24:5, 24)
In the "small apocalypse" of St. Paul, in 2 Thessalonians 2:1-12, a "man of sin", "the son of perdition" is expected to set himself up in the temple of God, on the false pretense that he is God himself. This portrait of the Antichrist is reminiscent of the acts of Antiochus Epiphanes, who around 170 BC commanded Jews to sacrifice pigs on the altar, four times a year on the Shabbat, in tribute to him as the supreme god of the Seleucids. Paul appears to be warning his readers by this allusion to events in the past, to anticipate similar trouble in the future. Some Christians believe that the events warned of in this passage have already taken place soon after Paul warned of them. Many others believe that the Antichrist has yet to appear.
The expected role of the Antichrist
Christian denominations disagree on what will happen in the end times, and the role that Satan and the Antichrist will play. Among those who expect the Antichrist to arise in the future, there is a general consensus that sometime prior to the expected return of Jesus, there will be a period of "trials and tribulations" during which the Antichrist, inspired by Satan, will attempt to win supporters, and will kill anyone who refuses to worship him ("receive his mark").
In this view, an event termed the "White Throne Judgment" will take place, at which time both the living and the dead will be resurrected, some for everlasting life, and some for everlasting death. All those who worship God and Jesus will be admitted to the presence of God; but everyone who would not repent of their sin will be sent to an outer darkness. Finally, the "Dragon" (often interpreted as Satan), the "Beast" (often interpreted as the Antichrist) and the "false prophet" (interpreted in many ways) who compels the world to worship the Beast, and all who received his mark, will be cast into a lake of fire together with death and Hell. These views are based on controversial passages in the Apocalypse of John, more commonly known as the Book of Revelation.
Antichrist criteria
Based on the interpretations of the specific passages from the books of Daniel and Revelations, the antichrist is commonly expected to meet certain characteristics. The bible describes a beast-like creature, but over the years these characteristics have been interpreted as being metaphors for other concepts.
For example, the beast is supposed to have "ten horns and seven heads, with ten crowns upon its horns" (Revelation 13:1-2) which is sometimes interpreted to mean the antichrist will rule ten countries. Likewise the fact that the beast is described as being "worshipped" is taken as a sign that the antichrist will be a popular figure.
The most common interpretations continue to be that the antichrist will be some sort of high-ranking political leader, who will initially do very good, popular things, which will win him many followers. In the end, however he is supposed to get increasingly totalitarian and elicit more and more sacrifices from his followers until eventually his evil ways become known, and the era of "trials and tribulations" begin.
In popular mythology
The Antichrist is a central figure in many popular movies with occult themes, such as Rosemary's Baby, and The Omen series. In The Seventh Seal, the idea of the Antichrist is tangentially referred to as a child conceived without a soul, whose birth will signal the end of all life. The Antichrist is a central figure in the Left Behind series of books and movies; in this series the Antichrist figure is a European politician named Nicolae Carpathia.
Identity of the Antichrist
Many people, or even nations or movements, have been thought by some to be the Antichrist.
Paul of Tarsus has been theorized by some (among them Thomas Jefferson, Albert Schweitzer, George Bernard Shaw, Carl Sagan and Carl Jung) to have fulfilled the role of the antichrist within the chronicles of the New Testament of the Bible itself. This theory is premised on an idea common among some scholars of religion, that the original teachings of Christ were subverted by Paul, who some characterize as a Jewish spy and false convert.
The Roman emperor beginning with Nero, sometimes together with the four emperors who succeeded him in the year following his suicide, until the elevation of Nero's general Vespasian to emperor, have been interpreted from very early times, either alone or collectively as the Beast of the Apocalypse.
In this tumultuous period, superstitious fear and mob violence grew against Christians, and the Roman wars against the Jews intensified (C.E 66 - 70), ending with the destruction of the Temple in C.E. 70 under the command of general Titus (later emperor), and the maniacal slaughter of the Jews who were living at Jerusalem. According to tradition, Nero ordered the crucifixion of St. Peter and the beheading of St. Paul. Both Jewish and Christian literature survives, referring to Emperor Nero as the Antichrist. A more detailed description of this interpretation can be found in the entry on the Book of Revelation.
Another idea that began appearing early in the history of the Christian church, is the opinion that the Antichrist will be an apostate priest or Christian secular ruler, perhaps a Pope or other high leader of the Christian church, or a pretender to the Papacy. Some Christian sects have made it an issue of faith to identify the Bishop of Rome and the papal system as the Antichrist. Virtually all popes have been called the Antichrist by their enemies, and many popes have applied this title of "Antichrist", "son of perdition", or "man of sin", to their enemies as well. Even St. Peter, the first Pope according to Roman Catholic tradition, was called "Satan" by Jesus according to the Gospel of Matthew chapter 16, the same chapter of the gospel in which Peter is told by Jesus, "on this rock [Greek: petra] I will build my church".
St. Bellarmine gives in full the theory set forth by the Greek and Latin Fathers, of a personal Antichrist to come just before the end of the world and to be accepted by the Jews and enthroned in the temple at Jerusalem -- thus endeavoring to dispose of the Protestant exposition which saw Antichrist in the pope. Bellarmine's interpretation, in modified form, is now accepted by most premillennial dispensationalists.
After the reforms of Patriarch Nikon to the Russian Orthodox Church of 1652 a large number of Old Believers held that Peter the Great was the antichrist.
Identifying the Antichrist has become a hobby of the Internet age, and a body of literature in its own right.
Various numerological methods of calculating the number of the name of the Beast ('666' in most manuscript sources, '616' in a minority), and other methods are used to identify the Antichrist before he has the chance to lead astray. A nice example is the case of Adolf Hitler, where numbering the letters A=100, B=101, etc, produces H+I+T+L+E+R=666.
Candidates for the Antichrist have been men in virtually all positions of public influence, the most frequent modern candidates: Napoleon Bonaparte, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, various Popes, and recent Presidents of the United States. Some have taken seriously the suggestion made by the Left Behind series, that the Antichrist may be the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Since the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack, the theory has become popular that Osama bin Laden, Saddam Hussein or George W. Bush may be the Antichrist.
See also: Great Apostasy; end times; Whore of Babylon; Number of the Beast (numerology), Millennialism
External links
\n*Who is the Antichrist from Anti-Christ.Com
\nCategory:Christianity
