Cathedral diagram
This article discusses
cathedral diagrams:
The diagram below represents the
floor plan of the
Abbey of St.-Denis, showing the parts of a
Gothic church. (The black dots are the columns supporting the roof.)
For comparison, the plan of
Tewkesbury Abbey has the corresponding parts highlighted in the same colors. (Note: These plans are not drawn to the same scale; they are drawn to be about the same length in the diagram.)
West end
\nThe main doors were at the west end, and there were often towers on that end and usually an opening into the nave, often below a stained glass "rose window." The narthex formed a kind of lobby or interior porch on some plans, though not on these two groundplans.
Nave
\n
's choir and nave looking west from the High Altar, through the rood screen]]\nThe nave (from the Latin for "ship," illustration, right) was the long central section directly inside the main (west) doors, where the public would attend services. The nave is ordinarily flanked by aisles. Recesses in the walling of the aisles might provide spaces for shallow side chapels though not in these groundplans. There was usually a rood screen ("rood" meaning "cross") dividing the nave from the choir (earlier, "quire") which might be almost as long as the nave. There monks would attend their own services ("offices"). Against the screen, on its west side toward the nave where the public could see it, was usually an altar.
Transept
\nIn these two cruciform (cross shaped) buildings the arms of the cross (together, the "transept," which formed an aisle across the building) are quite pronounced; however, the transept arms might be so short as not to stick out past the sides of the building (as at Notre-Dame de Paris), or there might be two of them (as at Canterbury Cathedral and Salisbury Cathedral). The transept might have an aisle (St-Denis) diagram) or two aisles, or it might have none (Tewkesbury Abbeydiagram)
Some Gothic churches, such as Bourges, had no transepts at all and thus were not cruciform. At the ends of the transept were doors, too, and outside them were porches that were used for various rituals;
Liturgical east end
\nThe end with the altar in it was normally at the east (left in the diagrams), for symbolic religious reasons, though frequently the building could not be disposed in such a way as to make that orientation very precise.\nBeyond the crossing where the transept intersected the nave was the choir'
The next section to the east after the choir was the presbytery (meaning "priestly"), where the priests who were assisting at Mass would sit; that section was not usually separate and might be only a couple of fancy chairs at the side.
The heart of the building was the sanctuary where the "high altar" was. There would be altars in many of the chapels, but this was the one where Mass would be said for the public. This area was also where criminals seeking the right of sanctuary were safe from the law. Very often the sanctuary was raised a few steps above the floor level of the nave.
The semi-circular end of the church around the high altar, which corresponds to the apse in Romanesque and Roman architecture, was often expanded into a passage called an ambulatory (from the Latin to walk), with radiating chapels disposed around the outer wall of the ambulatory. Thus users could make a complete circuit within the building, using the north and south aisles of the nave and the ambulatory, without trespassing upon the sanctuary. In the bays around the ambulatory, between the supporting columns, were shrines and chapels. At the far east end, on the axis formed by nave and sanctuary, a larger chapel was often dedicated to the patron saint of the church, or to Mary, the mother of Jesus, this in medieval English usage a Lady Chapel.
"Chantries" were shrines or chapels where someone had paid an "endowment" to have the monks say (or "chant") prayers on a fixed schedule for someone who had died.
The apse did not last long as an architectural fashion; in Europe it was replaced by the rounded "chevet," and in England by squared-off east ends, and as the cathedrals were rebuilt or repaired, their apses were remodeled into the newer shapes.
Subsidiary buildings
\nOutside the cathedral would be the "chapter house" where the monks or priests whose church it was would hold their meetings about church business; chapter houses were often round and were always connected to the church building. There was also usually a "cloister," a rectangular colonnade around a grass lawn, where the monks could walk, and their work or study cubicles often opened onto it.
The cathedral often stood in its own precinct, called in England thew close.
See also: Cathedral architecture
Category:Medieval architecture
