Exploration of the High Alps

The higher region of the Alps were long left to the exclusive attention of the men of the adjoining valleys, even when Alpine travellers (as distinguished from Alpine climbers) began to visit these valleys. It is reckoned that about 20 glacier passes were certainly known before 1600, about 25 more before 1700, and yet another score before 1800; but though the attempt of P.A. Arnod (an official of the duchy of Aosta) in 1689 to "re-open" the Col du Ceant may be counted as made by a non-native, we do not come upon another case of the kind till the last quarter of the 18th century. Nor did it fare much better with the high peaks, though the two earliest recorded ascents were due to non-natives, that of the Roche Melon in 1358 having been undertaken in fulfilment of a vow, and that of the Mont Aiguihe in 1492 by order of Charles VIII of France, in order to destroy its immense reputation for \ninaccessibility -- in 1555 Conrad Gesner did not climb Pilatus proper, but only the grassy mound of the Gnepfstein, the lowest and the most westerly of the seven summits. The two first men who really systematically explored the regions of ice and snow were H.B. de Saussure (1740-1799), as regards the Pennine Alps, and the Benedictine monk of Disentis, Placidus a Spescha (1752-1833, most of whose ascents were made before 1806), in the valleys at the sources of the Rhine. In the early 19th century the Meyer family of Aarau conquered in person the Jungfrau (1811) and by deputy the Finsteraarhorn (1812), besides opening several glacier passes, their energy being entirely confined to the Bernese Oberland. Their pioneer work was continued in that district, as well as others, \nby a number of Swiss, pre-eminent among whom were Gottlieb Studer (1804-1890) of Bern, and Edouard Desor (1811-1882) of \nNeuchatel. The first-known English climber in the Alps \nwas Colonel Mark Beaufoy (1764-1827), who in 1787 made an \nascent (the fourth) of Mont Blanc, a mountain to which his \nfellow-countrymen long exclusively devoted themselves, with \na few noteworthy exceptions, such as Principal J.D. Forbes \n(1809-1868), A.T. Malkin (1803-1888), John Ball (1818-1889), \nand Sir Alfred Wills (b. 1828). Around Monte Rosa the Vincent \nfamily, Josef Zumstein (1783-1861), and Giovanni Gnifetti \n(1801-1867) did good work during the half century between \n1778 and 1842, while in the Eastern Alps the Archduke John \n(1782-1850), Prince F.J.C. von Schwarzenberg, archbishop \nof Salzburg (1809-1885), Valentine Stanig (1774-1847), Adolf \nSchaubach (1800-1850), above all, P.J. Thurwieser (1789-1865), \ndeserve to be recalled as pioneers in the first half of the 19th \ncentury. In the early fifties of the 19th century the taste \nfor mountaineering 1apidly developed for several very different \nreasons. A great stimulus was given to it by the foundation \nof the various Alpine clubs, each of which drew together the \nclimbers who dwelt in the same country. The first was the \nEnglish Alpine Club (founded in the winter of 1857-1858), \nfollowed in 1862 by the Austrian Alpine Club (which in 1873 \nwas fused, under the name of the German and Austrian Alpine \nClub, with the German Alpine Club, founded in 1869), in 1863 \nby the Italian and Swiss Alpine Clubs, and in 1874 by the \nFrench Alpine Club, not to mention numerous minor societies \nof more local character. It was by the members of these clubs \n(and a few others) that the minute exploration (now all but \ncomplete) of the High Alps was carried out, while much has \nbeen done in the way of building club huts, organizing and \ntraining guides, &c., to smooth the way for later comers, \nwho benefit too by the detailed information published in the \nperiodicals (the first dates from 1863 only) issued by these \nclubs. Limits of space forbid us to trace out in detail \nthe history of the exploration of the High Alps, but the two \nsub-joined lists give the dates of the conquest of about fifty \nof the greater peaks (apart from the two climbed in 1358 and \nin 1402, see above), achieved before and after 1st January \n1858. As a proof of the rapidly-growing activity of Englishmen, \nit may be pointed out that while before 1858 only four summits \n(the Mittelhorn, or central peak of the Wetterhorner, the \nhighest point of Monte Rosa, Laquinhorn and Pelmo) were \nfirst ascended by Englishmen, in the case of the second list \nonly five (Grand Combin, Wildspitze, Marmolata, Langkofel \nand Meije) were not so conquered (if the present writer, an \nAmerican, be included among the English pro hac vice.) Before January 1, 1858\n* Titlis (1744)\n* Ankogel (1762)\n* Mont Velan (1779)\n* Mont Blanc (1786)\n* Rheinwaldhorn (1789)\n* Gross Glockner (1800)\n* Ortler (1804)\n* Jungfrau (1811)\n* V.insteraarhorn (1812)\n* Zumsteinspitze (1820)\n* Todi (1824)\n* Altels (1834)\n* Piz Linard (1835)\n* Gross Venediger (1841)\n* Signalkuppe (1842)\n* Wetterhorner (1844-1845)\n* Mont Pelvoux (1848)\n* Ieiablerets and Piz Bernina (both in 1850)\n* highest point of Monte Rosa (1855)\n* Laquinhorn (1856) and Pelmo (1857). After January 1, 1858\n* Dom (1858)\n* Aletschhorn, Bietschhorn, and Grand Combin (all in 1859)\n* Grand Paradis and Grande Casse (both in 1860)\n* Wbisshorn, Monte Viso, Gross Schreckhorn, Lyskamm, and Wildspitze (all in 1861)\n* Dent Blanche, Monte della Disgrazia, and Taschhorn (all in 1862)\n* Marmolata, Presanella, Pointe des Ecrins, and Zinal Rothhorn (all in 1864)\n* Matterhorn, Ober Gabelhorn, Aiguille Verte, and Piz Roseg (all in 1865)\n* Langkofel (1869)\n* Cimon della Pala (1870)\n* Rosengarten (1872)\n* Meije (1877)\n* Aiguilledu Dru (1878)\n* Punta dell' Argentera (1879)\n* Aiguille des Charmoz (1880)\n* Aiguille de Grepon (1881)\n* Aiguille du Geant (1882) Category:Alps