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Finnish language grammarThis article details the grammar of the Finnish language. There are separate articles covering the sound patterns of Finnish, and the ways in which spoken Finnish differs from the formal grammar of the written language. It is probably best to read the introduction to Finnish and Finnish language phonetics articles to make best use of this article.
\n= Pronouns=\nThe pronouns are inflected in the Finnish language much in the same way than their referent nouns are.
Personal pronouns\nUnlike in English, the personal pronouns are used to refer to human beings only. The personal pronouns in Finnish in the nominative case are:
\n;Singular \n:minä = I \n:sinä = you \n:hän = she or he\n;Plural:\n:me = we \n:te = you \n:he = they\n;Polite: Te = you
Since Finnish verbs are inflected for person, personal pronouns are not required for sense and are usually omitted in written Finnish except where used for emphasis. In spoken Finnish, however, the pronouns are generally used.
In common with some other languages, the second person plural can be used as a polite form when addressing one person. This usage is diminishing in Finnish society.
[EDIT: personal pronouns are not required when talking about 1st & 2nd persons (both singular and plural), however, when talking about 3rd persons (both singular and plural), the pronoun is needed: "hän menee" = he goes, "he menevät" = they go. This applies for both, colloquial and written language.]
Demonstrative Pronouns\nThe demonstratives are used of non-human animate entities and inanimate objects. However, se and ne are often used to refer to humans in colloquial Finnish. Furthermore, the demonstratives are used to refer to group nouns and the number of the pronoun must correlate with the number of its referent.\n;Singular\n:tämä = this\n:tuo = that\n:se = it/that\n;Plural\n:nämä = these\n:nuo = those\n:ne = they/those
Interrogative pronouns\n:kuka = who, which (of many)\n:ken = who, which (of many) - (old or dialectal word)\n:mikä = what, which (of many)\n:kumpi = which (of two)\n:kumpainen = which (of two) - (old or dialectal word)
[EDIT: "ken" is somewhat old word itself as its nominative form, however, "ketä" is a word derived from it, and it's fairly common: "Ketä rakastat?" = "Who do you love?"]
Relative pronouns\n:joka (refers to preceding word)\n:* "hän on ainoa, jonka muistan" = "s/he was the only one who (I) remember"\n:mikä (refers to preceding clause/ sentence or to a pronoun or a superlative that refers to a thing)\n:* "se on ainoa asia, minkä muistan" = "it was the only thing that (I) remember"
Reciprocal pronouns\n:toinen\n:* "he rakastavat toisiaan" = "they love each other" (plural)\n:* "he rakastavat toinen toistaan" = "they love one another" (double singular)
Reflexive pronouns\n: itse\n: plus corresponding possessive suffix\n:* "keitin itselleni teetä" = "(I) made myself some tea"
Indefinite pronouns\nA large group that entails all of the pronouns that do not fall into any of the categories above.\n: joka (uninflected) = every, each\n: jokainen = every, everyone\n: joku = some, someone\n: jompikumpi = either one\n: jokin = some, something\n: kukin = each one\n: kumpainenkin = both (old or dialectal)\n: kumpikin = both\n: mikin = each thing (dialectal)\n: kenkään = anyone (old or dialectal)\n: kukaan = anyone -> ei kukaan = no-one\n: kumpikaan = either one -> ei kumpikaan = neither one\n: mikään = anything -> ei mikään = nothing\nSome indefinite adjectives are often perceived as indefinite pronouns. These include:\n: ainoa = only\n: eräs = some, certain, one\n: harva = few\n: itse (non-reflexive) = self\n: kaikki = all, everyone, everything\n: molemmat = both\n: moni = many\n: muu = other\n: muutama = some, a few\n: sama = same\n: toinen (non-reciprocal, non-numeral use) = another
=Noun forms=\nThe Finnish language does not distinguish gender in nouns or even in personal pronouns: 'hän' = 'he' or 'she' depending on the referent. This causes some unaccustomed Finnish speakers to muddle "he" and "she" when speaking languages such as English or Swedish, which can be a source of confusion.
Cases\nFinnish has fifteen noun cases: four grammatical cases, six locative cases and five marginal cases. Please see the article Finnish language noun cases for details.
\n \n | Finnish cases\n | \n | case \n | suffix \n | English prep. \n | sample \n | translation\n | \n | Grammatical\n | \n | nominatiivi \n | \n | - \n | talo \n | house\n | \n | genetiivi \n | -n \n | of \n | talon \n | of (a) house\n | \n | akkusatiivi\n | \n | - \n | talo \n | house\n | \n | partitiivi \n | -(t)a \n | - \n | taloa \n | house (as an object)\n | \n | Locative (internal)\n | \n | inessiivi \n | -ssa \n | in \n | talossa \n | in (a) house\n | \n | elatiivi \n | -sta \n | from (inside)\n | talosta \n | from (a) house \n | \n | illatiivi \n | -an, -en, etc.\n | into \n | taloon \n | into (a) house\n | \n | Locative (external)\n | \n | adessiivi \n | -lla \n | at, on\n | talolla \n | at (a) house\n | \n | ablatiivi \n | -lta \n | from \n | talolta \n | from (a) house\n | \n | allatiivi \n | -lle \n | to \n | talolle \n | to (a) house \n | \n | Marginal\n | \n | essiivi \n | -na \n | as \n | talona \n | as a house\n | \n | translatiivi \n | -ksi \n | to (role of)\n | taloksi \n | to a house\n | \n | instruktiivi \n | -n \n | with (the aid of)\n | talon \n | with (a) house \n | \n | abessiivi \n | -tta \n | without \n | talotta \n | without (a) house \n | \n | komitatiivi \n | -ne- \n | together (with) \n | taloineni \n | with my house(s) \n | \n
Plurals\nThere are three different 'plurals' in Finnish:\n;Nominative plural: This is the 'general' form of the plural \n:* "koirat olivat huoneessa" = "the dogs were in the room"\n:* "huoneet olivat suuria" = "the rooms were large"\n;Following numbers: After numbers greater than one, the noun is put in the partitive singular. \n:* "huoneessa oli kaksi koiraa" = "there were two dogs in the room"\n:* "talossa oli kolme huonetta" = "the house had three rooms"\n;Inflected plural: this uses the stem of the partitive plural inflected with the same set of endings as for singular nouns.\n:* 'huone' -> 'huoneita' = 'rooms' -> 'huoneissa' = 'in rooms'
As a combined example of plurals 'lintu on puussa' = 'the bird is in the tree' -> 'linnut ovat puissa' = 'the birds are in the trees'
\nInflection of pronouns\n\nThe personal pronouns are inflected in the same way as nouns, and can be found in most of the same cases as nouns. For example:\n:'minä' (nominative) = 'I'\n:'minun' (genitive) = 'my, mine' - 'tämä talo on minun ' = 'this house is mine '\n::: - 'tämä on minun taloni ' = 'this is my house'\n:'minut' (accusative) = 'hän tuntee minut' = 's/he knows me'\n:'minua' (partitive) - 'hän rakastaa minua' = 's/he loves me'\n:'minussa' (inessive) - 'tämä herättää minussa vihaa' = 'this provokes (lit. awakens) anger in me'\n:'minusta' (elative) - 'hän puhui minusta' = 's/he was talking about/ of me'. Also used idiomatically to mean 'in my opinion'.\n:'minuun' (illative) = 'hän uskoi minuun' = 's/he believed in me'\n:'minulla' (adessive) - 'minulla on rahaa' = 'I've got some money' \n:'minulta' (ablative) - 'hän otti minulta rahaa' = 'he took some money from/ off me'.\n:'minulle' (allative) - 'anna minulle rahaa' = 'give me some money'\n:'sinuna' (essive) = 'If I were you' (lit. 'as you')\n:'minuksi' (translative) = 'häntä luullaan usein minuksi' = 's/he is often mistaken for me'
Noun/adjective stem types\nVowel stems\n! MORE HERE
\nConsonant stems\n! MORE HERE
\n-nen nouns\nThis is a very large class of words which includes common nouns (for example 'nainen' = 'woman'), many names, and many common adjectives. Adding -nen to a noun is a very productive mechanism for making adjectives ('muovi' = 'plastic' -> 'muovinen' = 'made of plastic'). It can also function as a diminutive ending.
The stem for these words removes the '-nen' and adds '-s(e)' after which the inflectional ending is added:\n:'muovisessa pussissa' = 'in the plastic bag'\n:'kaksi muovista lelua' = 'two plastic toys'\n:'muoviseen laatikkoon' = 'into the plastic box'
Here are a few of the diminutive forms that are still in use:
- 'kätönen' (from käsi) = 'a small hand' (affectionate)\n:'lintunen' (from lintu) = 'birdie', 'a small bird'\n:'veikkonen' (from veikka) = 'my friend' (used in some sayings, like the english form)\n:'kirjanen' (from kirja) = 'booklet'\n:'kukkanen' (from kukka) = 'little flower'\n:'kalanen' (from kala) = 'little fish'
The diminutive form mostly lives in surnames which are usually very old words to which most finns have forgotten the meaning. Some of the most common:
- 'Rautiainen': rautio = blacksmith (of a blacksmith's family)\n:'Korhonen': korho = 'deaf' (of a deaf man's family)\n:'Leinonen': leino = 'sorrowful, melancholic'\n:'Virtanen', 'Jokinen', 'Järvinen', 'Nieminen'... = 'the family from by the stream (virta), river (joki), lake (järvi), peninsula (niemi)'\n:'Mikkonen' = [A family name assimilated from the name of the farmhouse, after the householder's name 'Mikko']\n:'Martikainen' = [What is a martikka?]
Occasionally such nouns become placenames. For example, there is a peninsula called "Neuvosenniemi" in one lake. "Neuvonen" means "a bit of advice/direction"; at this peninsula people rowing tar barrels across the lake would stop to ask whether the weather conditions would make it unsafe to continue to the other side.
[EDIT: "muovisessa pussissa" means literally "in a bag made of plastic". A more fluent way to say "in a plastic bag" is simply to say "muovipussissa" (written together). The same applies for "muoviseen laatikkoon" -> "muovilaatikkoon" = "into a/the plastic box".]
-e nouns\nThese nouns look as though they should behave like vowel stem nouns, but in fact behave like consonant stem nouns due to the historical loss of a final consonant. There are some common nouns in this class, for example 'huone' = 'room', 'kirje' = 'letter'
The result is that the partitive singular adds a 't' followed by the partitive ending appropriate to a consonant stem 'ta'. Other case forms add an 'e' followed by the case ending:\n:'kaksi huonetta' = 'two rooms'\n:'huoneessa' = 'in the room'\n:'huoneeseen' = 'into the room'
=Adjectives=\nAdjectives in Finnish are inflected in exactly the same way as nouns, and an adjective must agree in number and case with the noun it is modifying.
For example, here are some adjectives:\n: 'iso' = 'big'\n: 'pieni' = 'small'\n: 'punainen' = 'red'
And here are some examples of adjectives inflected to agree with nouns:\n: 'iso|n talo|n edessä = 'in front of the big house'\n: 'kaksi pien|tä talo|a' = 'two small houses'\n: 'punaise|ssa talo|ssa' = 'in the red house'
Notice that adjective undergo the same sorts of stem changes when they are inflected as nouns do.
Comparative formation\nThe comparative of the adjective is formed by adding '-mpi' to the inflecting stem. For example:\n: 'iso' = 'big', 'iso|mpi' = 'bigger'\n: 'pieni' = 'small', 'piene|mpi' = 'smaller'\n: 'punainen' = 'red', 'punaise|mpi' = 'more red'
Since the comparative adjective is still an adjective, it must be inflected to agree with the noun it modifies. To make the inflecting stem of the comparative, the '-mpi' ending loses its final 'i'. If the syllable context calls for a weak consonant, the '-mp-' becomes '-mm-'. Then '-a-' is added before the actual case ending. This should become clear with a few examples !
- 'iso|mma|n talo|n edessä' = 'in front of the bigger house'\n: 'kaksi piene|mpä|ä talo|a' = 'two smaller houses'\n: 'punaise|mma|ssa talo|ssa' = 'in the redder house'
\nSuperlative formation\nThe superlative of the adjective is formed by adding '-in' to the inflecting stem. For example:\n: 'iso' = 'big', 'iso|in' = 'biggest'\n: 'punainen' = 'red', 'punais|in' = 'reddest'
Note that because the superlative marker vowel is an 'i', the same kind of changes can occur with vowel stems as happen in verb imperfects, and noun inflecting plurals:\n: 'pieni' = 'small', 'pienin' = 'smallest' (not *'pienein')
Since the superlative adjective is still an adjective, it must be inflected to agree with the noun it modifies. The '-in' becomes either '-imma-' or '-impa-' depending on whether the syllable context calls for a weak or strong consonant. Here are the examples:
- 'iso|imma|n talo|n edessä' = 'in front of the biggest house'\n: 'kaksi pien|in|tä taloa' = 'the two smallest houses'\n: 'punais|imma|ssa talo|ssa' = 'in the reddest house' (if that makes sense...)
Irregular forms\nThe most important irregular form is:\n:'hyvä, parempi, paras' = 'good, better, best'\n(though I know from personal error that Finns understand 'hyvempi' :-)
Notice also: \n:'pitkä, pidempi, pisin' = 'long, longer, longest'\n:'lyhyt, lyhempi, lyhin' = 'short, shorter, shortest' (although the standard forms are also used)
There are a small number of other irregular comparative and superlative forms, such as:\n: 'uusi' = 'new' - the inflecting stem is 'uude-' but the superlative is 'uusin' = 'newest'.
=Postpositions and prepositions=\nPostpositions are more common in Finnish than prepositions. Both postpositions and prepositions can be combined with either a noun or a possessive suffix to form a P-positional phrase.
Postpositions\nPostpositions indicate place, time, cause, consequence or relation.\nIn postpositional phrases the noun is usually in genitive:
- 'pöydän alla' = 'under the table'\n:'joulun jälkeen' = 'after Christmas'\n:'lasten tähden' = 'for the sake of the children'\n:'jonkun puolesta'= 'on behalf of somebody'
The noun (or pronoun) can be omitted when there is a possessive suffix:
- 'olen _ vierellä|si' = '(I) am next to (you) ' or '(I) am by (your) side '
Prepositions\nThere are few important prepositions in Finnish. In prepositional phrases the noun is always in partitive:
- 'ennen joulua' = 'before Christmas'\n:'ilman sinua' = 'without you'
Some postpositions can also be used as prepositions:
- 'kylän keskellä ' = ' keskellä kylää' = ' in the middle of the village'
=Verb forms=\nFinnish verbs are usually divided into six groups depending on the stem type. All six types have the same set of endings, but the stems undergo (slightly) different changes when inflected.
There are very few irregular verbs in Finnish. In fact, only 'olla' = 'to be' has irregular endings (and then only in the present tense for the 3rd-person forms). A handful of verbs, including 'nähdä' = 'to see', 'tehdä' = 'to do/make', and 'juosta' = 'to run' have mildly irregular stems.
As a final oddity, Finnish does not have a verb corresponding to 'to have' - possession is indicated in other ways. For animate possessors, the adessive case is used with 'olla', for example 'koiralla on häntä' = 'the dog has a tail' - literally 'on the dog is a tail'.
Tenses\nFinnish verbs have present, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect tenses.
- Present: corresponds to English present and future tenses. For the latter, a time qualifier may need to be used to avoid ambiguity.\n*Imperfect: corresponds to English past continuous and past simple, indicating a past action which is complete but might have been a point event, a temporally extended event, or a repeated event.\n*Perfect: corresponds to the English present perfect ("I have eaten") in most of its usages, but can carry more sense than in English of a past action with present effects.\n*Pluperfect: corresponds to the English past perfect ("I had visited") in its usage.
Voices\nFinnish has two possible verb voices: active and passive. The active voice corresponds with that of English, but the passive voice has some important differences.
Passive voice\nIn fact, the Finnish passive would be better described as a "vaguely personal" form since there is no way of connecting the action performed with a particular agent and hence there is only one form of the passive. This should become clear through an example:
"talo maalataan" = "the house is being painted"
The time when the house is being painted could be added:\n"talo maalataan marraskuussa" = "the house will be painted in November"
The colour and method could be added: "talo maalataan punaiseksi harjalla" = the house is being painted red with a brush"
But, nothing more can be said about the person doing the painting ! There is no mechanism for saying "the house is being painted by Jim".
Hence the form "maalataan" is the only one which is needed. Notice also that the subject of the verb (i.e. the object of the action) is in the nominative case. Verbs which govern the partitive case continue to do so in the passive, and where the subject is a personal pronoun, that goes into its special accusative form: "minut unohdettiin" = "I was forgotten"
It can also be said that in the Finnish passive the agent is always human and never mentioned. A sentence such as "the tree was blown down" would translate poorly into Finnish because of a mental image of a group of people huffing ang puffing and trying to blow the tree down...
Because of its vagueness about who is performing the action, the passive can also translate the English "one does {something}", "{something} is generally done": "sanotaan että..." = "they say that..."
In modern spoken Finnish, the passive form of the verb is used after "me" to mean "we do {something}" ("me tullaan" = "we are coming") and on its own at the beginning of a sentence to mean "let's ..." ("mennään!" = "let's go!"). In the first of these cases, the "me" cannot be omitted without risk to comprehension, unlike with the 'standard' form "tulemme".
Formation of the passive will be dealt with under the verb types below.
[EDIT: "talo maalataan" literally means "a house is painted". "taloa maalataan" means "a house is being painted (right now)". There is a big difference whether you say "talo" or "taloa", because the partitive form sometimes also indicates the tense of the clause.]
Moods
Indicative\nThe indicative is the form of the verb used for making statements or asking simple questions. In the verb morphology sections, the mood referred to will be the indicative unless otherwise stated.
Conditional\nThe conditional mood expresses the idea that the action or state expressed by the verb may or may not actually happen. As in English, the Finnish conditional is used in conditional sentences (e.g. "I would tell you if I knew") and in polite requests (e.g. "I would like some coffee").
In the former case, and unlike in English, the conditional must be used in both halves of the Finnish sentence:
"ymmärtäisin jos puhuisit hitaammin" = *"I would understand if you would speak more slowly"
The characteristic morphology of the Finnish conditional is 'isi' inserted between the verb stem and the personal ending. This can result in a 'closed' syllable becoming 'open' and so trigger consonant gradation:
'tiedän' = 'I know', 'tietäisin' = 'I would know'
cf. 'haluan' = 'I want', 'haluaisin' = 'I would like'
Conditional forms exists for both active and passive voices, and for present, perfect and pluperfect tenses.
Imperative\nThe imperative mood is used to express commands. In Finnish, there is only one tense form (the present-future). The possible variants of Finnish imperatives are:\n* 1st, 2nd or 3rd person \n* singular or plural (only plural for 1st person)\n* active or passive\n* positive or negative
Active, 2nd person imperatives\nThese are the most common forms of the imperative: "Do this", "Don't do that".
The singular imperative is simply the verb's present tense without any personal ending (that is, chop the '-n' off the first person singular form):\n* 'tule!' = 'come!'\n* 'syö!' = 'eat!'\n* 'huomaa!' = 'note!'
To make this negative, 'älä' (which is the active imperative singular 2nd person of the negative verb) is placed before the positive form:\n* 'älä sano!' = 'don't say!'\n* 'älä mene!' = 'don't go!'\n* 'älä valehtele!' = 'don't lie!' (from 'valehdella' = 'to lie', type II)
To form the plural, add '-kaa' or '-kää' to the verb's stem:\n* 'tulkaa!' = 'come!'\n* 'juokaa!' = 'drink!'\n* 'mitatkaa!' = 'measure!' (from 'mitata' = 'to measure', type IV)
To make this negative, 'älkää' (which is the active imperative present plural 2nd person of the negation verb)is placed before the positive form and the suffix '-ko' or '-kö' is added to the verb stem:\n* 'älkää sanoko!' = 'don't say!'\n* 'älkää menkö!' = 'don't go!'\n* 'älkää tarjotko!' = 'don't offer!'
Note that 2nd person plural imperatives can also be used as polite imperatives when referring to one person.
The Finnish language has no simple equivalent to the English "please". The Finnish equivalent is to use either 'ole hyvä' or 'olkaa hyvä' = 'be good', but it is generally omitted. Politeness is normally conveyed by tone of voice, facial expression, and use of conditional verbs and partitive nouns.
Passive, 2nd person imperatives
3rd person imperatives\n* 'olkoon' = 'let it (him, her) be'\n* 'tehkööt' = 'let them do'\n* 'älköön unohtako' = 'let him not forget', 'he better not forget'\n* 'älkööt unohtako' = 'let them not forget'
1st person plural imperatives\n* 'menkäämme' = 'let us go'\n* 'älkäämme tehkö' = 'let us not do', 'we better not do'\nThe 1st person imperative sounds archaic, and a form resembling the passive indicative is often used instead: 'mennään!' = 'let's go!'
Optative\nThe optative mood is a variant of the imperative mood. It expresses hopes or wishes.\n* 'kävellös' = 'oh, please walk'
Potential\nThe potential mood is used to express that the action or state expressed by the verb is likely but not certain, and is rare in modern Finnish, especially in speech. The potential has no counterpart in English.
The characteristic morphology of the Finnish conditional is -ne- inserted between the verb stem and the personal ending.
Potential forms exists for both active and passive voices, and for present and perfect tenses:
- lie|ne|n = I may be / it's possible that I am\n* pes|se|e = s/he may wash \n* sur|re|vat = it is possible that they are mourning/ will mourn\n* se pes|tä|ne|en = it may be washed (by sbd.)\n* lie|ne|tte nähneet = you may have seen\n* ei lie|ne annettu = possibly may not have been given (by sbd.)
In some dialects 'tullee' ('may come') is an indicative form verb ('tulee' = 'comes') but grammatically it is a potential verb.
Eventive
The eventive mood is used in the Kalevala. It is a combination of the potential and the conditional. It is also used in dialects of Estonian.\n* 'kävelleisin' = 'I probably would walk'
Infinitives
Finnish verbs are described as having four, sometimes five infinitives:
First infinitive\nThe first infinitive short form of a verb is the "dictionary entry" form. All first infinitive short forms end in a/ ä. This corresponds to the English 'to' form, for example:\n:* 'sano|a' = 'to say'\n:* 'tietä|ä' = 'to know'\n:* 'teh|dä' = 'to do'\n:* 'luke|a' = 'to read'\nThe first infinitive long form is the translative plus a possessive suffix.\n:* '...soitti sano|a|kse|en...' = '...(s/he) phoned in order to say...'\n:* 'tietä|ä|kse|mme' = (idiomatic use:) 'as far as we know'\n:* 'voi|da|kse|ni lukea' = ' in order for me to be able to read'
The first infinitive only has active form.
\nSecond infinitive\nThis corresponds to the English verbal noun (-ing form), and behaves as a noun in Finnish in that it can be inflected, but only in the inessive and the instructive. In the inessive it has both active and passive forms. The instructive has only active form. A possessive suffix can be added to the active inessive.\nThe second infinitive is relatively rare, especially in the spoken language, except in certain set phrases (for example 'toisin sanoen' = 'in other words').
The second infinitive is formed by replacing the final 'a'/'ä' of the first infinitive with 'e' then adding the appropriate inflectional ending. If the vowel before the 'a'/'ä' is already an 'e', this becomes 'i' (see example from 'lukea' = 'to read').
The cases in which the second infinitive can appear are:
;Active Inessive (while someone is in the act of)\n:* 'teh|de|ssä' = 'doing'\n:* 'sano|e|ssa' = 'saying'\n;Active Inessive + Possessive Suffix (while themselves in the act of)\n:* 'teh|de|ssä|än' = 'reading'\n:* 'sano|e|ssa|si' = 'saying'\n;Passive Inessive (when or while in the act of something being done)\n:* 'sano|tta|e|ssa' = 'when saying'\n:* 'teh|tä|e|ssä' = 'when doing'\n:* 'lue|tta|e|ssa' = 'when reading'\n;Active Instructive (by means of/ while in the act of)\n:* 'teh|de|n' = 'doing' \n:* 'sano|e|n' = 'saying'\n:* 'luki|e|n' = 'reading
Third infinitive\nThis corresponds to the English verbal noun (-ing form), and behaves as a noun in Finnish in that it can be inflected, but only in a limited number of cases. It is used to refer to a particular act or occasion of the verb's action.
The third infinitive is formed by taking the verb stem with its consonant in the strong form, then adding 'ma' followed by the case inflection.
The cases in which the third infinitive can appear are:\n;inessive: 'lukemassa' = '(in the act of) reading'\n:'hän on lukemassa kirjastossa' = 's/he's reading in the library'\n;elative: 'lukemasta' = '(from just having been) reading'\n;illative: 'lukemaan' = '(about to be / with the intention of) reading'\n;adessive: 'lukemalla' = '(by) reading'\n;abessive: 'lukematta' = '(without) reading'\nA rare and archaic form of the third infinitive which occurs with the verb pitää:\n;instructive: 'sinun ei pidä lukeman' = 'you must not read' \nThe third infinitive instructive is usually replaced with the first infinitive short form in modern Finnish.
Note that the '-ma' form without a case ending is called the 'agent participle' (see 'participles' below). The agent participle can also be inflected in all cases, producing forms which look similar to the third infinitive.
Fourth infinitive\nThis corresponds to the English verbal noun (-ing form), and behaves as a noun in Finnish in that it can be inflected. It is used to refer to the action of the verb in general.
The third infinitive is formed by taking the verb stem with its consonant in the strong form, then adding 'minen'. It then inflects like all other nouns ending with '-nen'.
- 'lukeminen on hauskaa' = 'reading is fun'\n:'vihaan lukemista' = 'I hate reading'\n:'nautin lukemisesta' = 'I enjoy reading'
Fifth infinitive\nThis is a fairly rare form which has the meaning 'on the point of ...ing / just about to ...'
- 'olin lukemaisillani' = 'I was just about to read'
Verb Conjugation
For full details of how verbs are conjugated in Finnish, please refer to the Finnish verb conjugation article.
Participles\nFinnish verbs have present and past participles, both with active and passive forms, and an 'agent' participle. Participles can be used in different ways than ordinary adjectives and they can have an object.
Present participle, active\n: 'nukku|va koira' = 'sleeping dog'\n: 'häikäise|vä valo' = 'blinding light'\n: 'olin luke|v|i|na|ni' = 'I pretended to be reading' [act. I participle pl. essive + poss. suff.]\n! MORE HERE
\nPresent participle, passive\n: 'minun on nuku|tta|va' = 'I must sleep' [pass. I participle sg. nom.]
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Past participle, active\nBasically this is formed by removing the infinitive ending and adding '-nut/nyt' (depending on vowel harmony). For example 'puhua' -> 'puhunut', 'syödä' -> 'syönyt'
However, depending on the verb's stem type, assimilation can occur with the 'n' of the ending.
In type II verbs, the 'n' is assimilated to the consonant at the end of the stem:\n:'mennä' -> ('men-') -> 'mennyt'\n:'harjoitella' -> ('harjoitel-') -> 'harjoitellut'
In verbs of types IV-VI, the 't' at the end of the stem is assimilated to the 'n':\n:'haluta' -> ('halut-') -> 'halunnut'\n:'tarvita' -> ('tarvit-') -> 'tarvinnut'\n:'rohjeta' -> ('rohjet-') -> 'rohjennut'
\nPast particple, passive\n: 'lähde|tty|ä|si kotiin' = 'after you went home' [pass. II participle sg. ess.+ poss.suff.]\n! MORE HERE
\nAgent participle\nThe agent participle is formed in a similar way as the third infinitive (see above), adding -ma or -mä to the verb stem. It indicates something done by someone and can be inflected in all cases. The party performing the action is indicated by the use of genitive. For example:\n:'tytön lukema kirja' = the book read by the girl\n:'tytön lukemaa kirjaa' = (partitive) the book read by the girl\n:'tytön lukemassa kirjassa' = in the book read by the girl\n:etc.
Negation of verbs\nPresent indicative\nVerbs are negated by using a 'negative verb' in front of the stem from the present tense (in its 'weak' consonant form):\n;Singular\n:'tiedän' = 'I know' -> 'en tiedä' = 'I don't know'\n:'tiedät' = 'you know' -> 'et tiedä' = 'you don't know'\n:'tietää' = '(s)he knows' -> 'ei tiedä' = '(s)he doesn't know'\n;Plural\n:'tiedämme' = 'we know' -> 'emme tiedä' = 'we don't know'\n:'tiedätte' = 'you know' -> 'ette tiedä' = 'you don't know'\n:'tietävät' = 'they know' -> 'eivät tiedä' = 'they don't know'\nNote that the inflection is on the negative verb, not on the main verb, and that the endings are regular apart from the 3rd person forms
Present passive\nThe negative is formed from the third-person singular "negative verb" - 'ei' - and the present passive with the final '-an' removed:\n:'ei puhuta' = 'it is not spoken'\n:'ei tiedetä' = 'it is not known'
Imperfect indicative\nThe negative is formed from the appropriate part of the negative verb followed by the nominative form (either singular or plural depending on the number of the verb's subject) of the active past participle. So for 'puhua' the pattern is:\n;Singular\n:'en puhunut' = 'I did not speak'\n:'et puhunut' = 'you did not speak'\n:'ei puhunut' = '(s/he) did not speak'\n;Plural\n:'emme puhuneet' = 'we did not speak'\n:'ette puhuneet' = 'you did not speak'\n:'eivät puhuneet' = 'they did not speak'
\nNote one exception: when the 'te' 2nd person plural form is used in an honorific way to address one person, the singular form of the participle is used: 'te ette puhunut' = 'you (s, polite) did not speak'
Imperfect passive\nThe negative is formed from the third-person singular negative verb - 'ei' - and the nominative singular form of the passive present participle (compare this with the negative of the imperfect indicative):\n:'ei puhuttu' = 'it was not spoken'\n:'ei tiedetty' = 'it was not known'
Note that in the spoken language, this form is used for the first person plural. In this case, the personal pronoun is obligatory: 'me ei menty' = 'we did not go'
Interrogatives (questions)
There are two main ways of forming a question - either using a specific question word, or by adding a '-ko/kö' suffix to one of the words in a sentence. A question word is placed first in the sentence, and a word with the interrogative suffix is also moved to this position:
'mikä tämä on?' = 'what is this?'
'tämä on kirja' = 'this is a book'
'onko tämä kirja?' = 'is this a book?'
'tämäkö on kirja?' = 'is this a book?'
'kirjako tämä on?' = 'is this a book?'
'eikö tämä ole kirja?' = 'is this not a book?' (note the '-kö' goes on the negative verb)
=Adverbs=\nA very common way of forming adverbs is by adding the ending '-sti' to the inflecting form of the corresponding adjective:
- 'nopea, nopeasti' = 'quick, quickly'\n: 'kaunis, kauniisti' = 'beautiful, beautifully'\n: 'hidas, hitaasti' = 'slow, slowly'\n: 'helppo, helposti' = 'easy, easily'
The great thing about adverbs is that because they are modifying verbs, not nouns, they don't inflect!
Comparative formation\nThe comparative form of the adverb has the ending '-mmin'\n: 'nopea, nopeasti, nopeammin' = 'quick, quickly, more quickly/faster'\n: 'kaunis, kauniisti, kauniimmin' = 'beautiful, beautifully, more beautifully'\n: 'hidas, hitaasti, hitaammin' = 'slow, slowly, more slowly'\n: 'helppo, helposti, helpommin' = 'easy, easily, more easily'
\nSuperlative formation\nThe superlative form of the adverb has the ending '-immin'. \n: 'helppo, helposti, helpommin, helpoimmin' = 'easy, easily, more easily, most easily'\nBecause of the '-i-', the stem vowel can change, similarly to superlative adjectives, or to avoid runs of three vowels:\n: 'nopea, nopeasti, nopeammin, nopeimmin' = 'quick, quickly, more quickly/faster, fastest'\n: 'kaunis, kauniisti, kauniimmin, kauneimmin' = 'beautiful, beautifully, more beautifully, most beautifully'\n: 'hidas, hitaasti, hitaammin, hitaimmin' = 'slow, slowly, more slowly, most slowly'
Irregular forms\nThere are a number of irregular adverbs, including:\n:'hyvä, hyvin, paremmin, parhaiten' = 'good, well, better, best'
\n=Numbers=\nPlease refer to the separate numbers article for details of how numbers work in Finnish.
\n=Sentence structure=\nSince Finnish is an inflected language, word order within sentences can be comparatively free - the function of a word being indicated by its ending.
The most usual neutral order, however, is subject-verb-object:
- 'koira puri miestä' = 'the dog bit the man'
but this can be varied for emphasis:
- 'miestä puri koira' = 'the man was bitten by a dog'
and:\n:'miestä koira puri' = 'it was the man that the dog bit' (and not, say, his wife)\n:'koira miestä puri' = 'it was a dog that bit the man' (and not, say, a wolf)\n:'puri koira miestä' = 'the dog did bite the man' (if there was doubt whether any biting happened)
The last three are not quite as natural, and would normally be expressed using a longer sentence (or several sentences). 'Puri miestä koira' is also possible but sounds rather poetical.
Besides the word-order implications of turning a sentence into a question, there are some other circumstances where word-order is important:
Existential sentences\nThese are sentences which introduce a new subject - they often begin 'there is' or 'there are' in English.
'huoneessa on sänky' = 'there is a bed in the room'
The location of the thing whose existence is being stated comes first, followed by its stative verb, followed by the thing itself. Note how this is unlike the normal English equivalent, though English can also use the same order:
'siellä seisoi mies' = '(in/out) there stood a man'
See also\n* Finnish
Category:Finnish language |
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