Goguryeo

\n\n\n \nzh-cn:高句丽\nzh-tw:高句麗 Goguryeo or Koguryŏ (高句麗; 고구려; pinyin: Gāogōulí) (1st century BC-668) was a kingdom in southern Manchuria and northern Korea. It is often referred to as one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, along with Baekje and Silla. \n

Table of contents

1 History 2 Culture 3 Language 4 Modern politics 5 See also 6 External links

History

\nAccording to Samguk Sagi, King Jumong (posthumously called King Dongmyeongseong) founded the kingdom in 37 BC around what is now the border between China and North Korea.\nIt gained power while China was fragmented.\nThe maximum extent of the kingdom was reached during the reigns of King Gwanggaeto the Great and his son King Jangsu. During this period they ruled half of Korean peninsula and most of Manchuria. It was overthrown by an alliance of Silla and Chinese Tang Empire in 668. The southernmost part of Goguryeo was seized by Silla, the northwestern part was by Tang, and the rest was succeeded by Bohai. Barhae, established in 698 claimed it as successor of Goguryeo in her diplomatic negotiations with Japan. Taebong, initially called Hu-Goguryeo ("Later Goguryeo"), claimed her succession of Goguryeo and so did Goryeo, which was even named after Goguryeo.

Culture

\nRemains of castles, palaces and several artifacts including tomb paintings have been found in North Korea. Some ruins are also still visible in Manchuria, for example at Onyeosan ("Five Maiden Peaks") near Jian in northeast China, thought to be the site of the first city of Goguryeo. Some cultural heritage still remain in modern Korean culture, for example, Ondol, Goguryeo's indigenous heating system, can be found in every house in Korea nowadays.

Language

\nThe Goguryeo language is unknown except for small number of words, which suggests that it was different from Korean or Tungusic languages. Some of these words can be found in the old Korean language (early 10th-late 14th centuries) but were replaced by Silla-originated ones before long. It is interesting that some words including numerals correspond with Japanese ones. Supporters of the Altaic language family often classifies the Goguryeo language as a member of that language family. Based on Chinese accounts, some linguists set the so-called "Fuyu languages" that included the languages of Fuyu, Goguryeo, the upper class of Baekje and for some extent, Japanese.

Modern politics

\nBoth Korea and China claim Goguryeo as their own. Koreans have traditionally viewed Goguryeo as a Korean state, and most classical Chinese historical works treat Goguryeo, Baekje, Shilla together. Recently China has launched a project to treat Goguryeo as a local government within China, which is followed by South Korea's counter-project.\n

Sovereigns of Goguryeo

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Sovereigns of Gaogouli 1st century BC-668 (in Chinese)

Legendary line
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Samguk Sagi Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names 東明聖王|dong1 ming2 sheng4 wang2 Gao Zhumeng|高朱蒙 gao1 zhu1 meng2 \n Zhumeng|朱蒙 zhu1 meng2 \n Zou?|鄒? zou1 ? \n Xiang|象解 xiang4 jie3 琉璃王|liu2 li2 wang2 \n 琉璃明王|liu2 li2 ming2 wang2 Leili|類利 lei4 li4 \n Ruliu|孺留 ru2 liu2 大武神王|da4 wu3 shen2 wang2 \n 大解朱留王|da4 jie3 zhu1 liu2 wang2 Wuxu|無恤 wu2 xu4 閔中王|min3 zhong1 wang2 Jiesezhu|解色朱 jie3 se4 zhu1 慕本王|mu4 ben3 wang2 Jieyou|解憂 jie3 you1 \n Jieailü|解愛婁 jie3 ai4 lü3 \n	\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Weishu Personal Names Zhumeng|朱蒙 zhu1 meng2 Lüda|閭達|lü2 da2 *Shilüxie|始閭諧 shi3 lü2 xie2 Ruli|如栗 ru2 li4 Molai|莫來 mo4 lai2 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Monument Personal Names Zoumou|鄒牟 zou1 mou2 Ruliu|儒留 ru2 liu2 Dazhuliu|大朱留 da4 zhu1 liu2 \n
Great king line
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Samguk Sagi Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names 大祖王|da4 zu3 wang2 \n 大祖大王|da4 zu3 da4 wang2 \n 國祖王|guo2 zu3 wang2 Gong|宮 gong1 \n Yushu|於漱 yu2 shu4 次大王|zi1 da4 wang2 Suicheng|遂成 sui4 cheng2 新大王|xin1 da4 wang2 Bogu|伯固 bo2 gu4 \n Boju|伯句 bo2 ju4 \n	\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Houhanshu, etc Personal Names Gong|宮 gong1 Suicheng|遂成 sui4 cheng2 Bogu|伯固 bo2 gu4 \n
Wandu-Guonei line
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns 故國川王|gu4 guo2 chuan1 wang2 \n 國襄王|guo2 xiang1 wang2 Nanwu|男武 nan2 wu3 \n Yiyimo|伊夷謨 yi1 yi2 mo2 179-197 山上王|shan1 shang4 wang2 Tingyou|廷優 ting2 you1 \n Weigong|位宮 wei4 gong1 197-227 東川王|dong1 chuan1 wang2 \n 東襄王|dong1 xiang1 wang2 Youweiju|憂位居 you1 wei4 ju1 \n Jiaozhi|郊彘 jiao1 zhi4 227-248 中川王|zhong1 chuan1 wang2 \n 中襄王|zhong1 xiang1 wang2 Ranfu|然弗 ran2 fu2 227-248 西川王|xi1 chuan1 wang2 \n 西襄王|xi1 xiang1 wang2 Yaolu|藥盧 yao42 lu2 \n Rouyou|若友 rou4 you3 248-270 烽上王|feng1 shang4 wang2 \n 鴙葛王|zhi4 ge3 wang2 Xiangfu|相夫 xiang1 fu2 \n Chashilü|插矢婁 cha1 shi3 lü3 292-300 美川王|mei3 chuan1 wang2 \n 好攘王|hao3 rang3 wang2 Yifu|乙弗 yi3 fu2 \n Youfu|憂拂 you1 fu2 300-331 故國原王|gu4 guo2 yuan2 wang2 \n 國岡上王|guo2 gang1 shang4 wang2 Siyou|斯由 si1 you2 \n Liu|劉 liu2 331-371 小獸林王|xiao3 shou4 lin2 wang2 \n 小解朱留王|xiao3 jie3 zhu1 liu2 wang2 Qiufu|丘夫 qiu1 fu1 371-384 故國攘王|gu4 guo2 rang2 wang2 Yilian|伊連 yi1 lian2 \n Yuzhizhi|於只支 yu2 zhi3 zhi1 384-391 廣開土王|guang3 kai1 tu3 wang2 Tande|談德 tan2 de2 \n An|安 an1 391-412 \n
P'yŏngyang line
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns 長壽王|chang2 shou4 wang2 Julian|巨連 ju4 lian2 \n Gao Lian|高璉 gao1 lian2 412-491 文咨王|wen2 zi1 wang2 \n 文咨明王|wen2 zi1 ming2 wang2 \n 明治好王|ming2 zhi4 hao3 wang2 Luoyun|羅雲 luo2 yun2 \n Gao Yun|高雲 gao1 yun2 491-519 安藏王|an1 zang4 wang2 Xingan|興安 xing1 an1 \n Gao An|高安 gao1 an1 519-531 安原王|an1 yuan2 wang2 Baoting|寶廷 bao3 ting2 \n Gao Ting|高廷 gao1 ting2 531-545 陽原王|yang2 yuan2 wang2 \n 陽崗上好王|yang2 gang1 shang4 hao3 wang2 Pingcheng|平成 ping2 cheng2 545-559 平原王|ping2 yuan2 wang2 \n 平崗上好王|ping2 gang1 shang4 hao3 wang2 \n 平崗上王|ping2 gang1 shang4 wang2 \n 狛鵠香岡上王|po4 ge2 xiang1 gang1 shang4 wang2 Yangcheng|陽成 yang2 cheng2 \n Tang|湯 tang1 \n Gao Yang|高陽 gao1 yang2 559-590 嬰陽王|ying1 yang2 wang2 \n 平陽王|ping2 yang2 wang2 Gao Yuan|高元 gao1 yuan2 \n Dayuan|大元 da4 yuan2 590-618 建武王|jian4 wu3 wang2 \n 營留王|ying2 liu2 wang2 Gao Jianwu|高建武 gao1 jian4 wu3 \n Cheng|成 cheng2 \n Gao Wu|高武 gao1 wu3 618-642 寶藏王|bao3 zang4 wang2 Gao Zang|高藏 gao1 zang4 \n Baozang|寶藏 bao3 zang4 642-668 \n

Notes:\n*For Korean names for kings, see Rulers of Korea.\n*The legendary line had already been formed with some variants in the early 5th century when King Changshou built a monument for his father and Gaogouli made contacts with Northern Wei.\n*The great king line with the following two kings was formed on the basis of Chinese documents like Houhanshu. It contains contradictions and mismatches.\n*The royal surname Gao (高) seems to have been adopted in the early 5th century when King Guangkaitu was acknowledged as a member of the Northern Yan imperial family by Gao Yun (高雲 or Murong Yun 慕容雲), Emperor of Northern Yan, whose grandfather He (和) was in line of the Gaogouli royal family. According to Jinshu, Gao Yun took the surname Gao from Gaoyang (高陽氏 or Zhuan Xu, one of Sanhuangwudi) but it is doubtful. Later history books say that Gao was named after the country name Gaogouli.

See also

\n*Rulers of Korea

External links

\n*Korean history in Manchuria Category:Ancient Peoples