Iron Cross

The Iron Cross (Eisernes Kreuz) was established as a military honor by King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia in 1813 in the Napoleonic Wars. The Iron Cross was designed by the neo-classical architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel. The decoration is comprised on a four pointed cross, traditionally cast in iron (although, in later years, the decoration was cast in zinc and aluminum). The symbolisim of the decoration originated from the legend of the Goddess of Peace in that when her Quadriga was retrieved from Paris at Napoleon's fall, the Goddess was re-established atop Berlin's Brandenburg Gate. An Iron Cross was substituted for her laurel wreath, making her into a Goddess of Victory. The Iron Cross was awarded again in 1870 in the Franco-Prussian War and then in 1914 in World War I. One of the more famous holders of the cross was Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler again restored the award in 1939, instituting four grades: \n*Iron Cross 2nd Class,\n*Iron Cross 1st Class,\n*Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross,\n*and Grand Cross of the Iron Cross. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was further expanded to include:

• Knight's Cross with Oakleaves,\n*Knight's Cross with Oakleaves and Swords, \n*Knight's Cross with Oakleaves, Swords, and Diamonds, only 27 men won the "Diamonds".

\nOn December 29, 1944 Hitler instituted Knight's Cross with Golden Oakleaves, Swords, and Diamonds as the highest combat decoration of the Third Reich. He planned to give out twelve "Golden Oak Leaves" but Hans Rudel was the only recipient of this highest grade of the Iron Cross. The Iron Cross was awarded for bravery in battle as well as other military contributions to a battlefield environment. The Iron Cross Second Class was worn as a cheast ribbon with the cross suspended from the ribbon. The Iron Cross First Class was a pin-on metal worn centered on a uniform breast pocket. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, and all subsequent levels of the Iron Cross, were worn suspended from the collar. For "behind the lines" activities, such as war plans and war effort contributions, the Third Reich issued a separate decoration known as the War Merit Cross. The Grand Cross of the Iron Cross was an award intended for senior Generals and dated back to 1870. During the Second World War, awarded on July 19, 1940, Hermann Göring was the only recipient of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross. An even higher decoration, the Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross, was intended to have been presented to the most successful German General of the Second World War, once Germany has achieved victory. The decoration was obviously never bestowed. Since the Iron Cross was issued over several different periods of German history, the Iron Cross is annoted by a year numeral, to indicate in which historical period the Iron Cross was issued. For instance, an Iron Cross from the First World War would be annoted with the year numeral "1914", while the same decoration from the Second World would be annoted with the numeral "1939". All Iron Crosses from the Second World also contained a swastika centered on the decoration. It was also possible for a holder of the 1914 Iron Cross to be awarded a higher grade of the 1939 Iron Cross. In such cases, a "1939 Clasp" would be worn on the original 1914 Iron Cross. Following the end of the Second World War, the government of West Germany permitted its military veterans to continue to wear the Iron Cross, however German law prohibits the wearing of an Iron Cross with a Swastika. In 1957 the German government issued new Iron Crosses to World War II veterans, altered to display an Oak Leaf Cluster, instead of a swastika, in the center of the medal. The Iron Cross is only a war-time decoration of the German military and the decoration has not been awarded since May 1945. In 1977, Sam Peckinpah directed a film inspired by the Iron Cross, entitled "Cross of Iron".

See Also

• Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany

External Links

• Brief outline of the order.

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