McDonnell Douglas DC-10
The
McDonnell Douglas DC-10 is a three-engined long-range airliner, with two engines mounted on underwing pylons and a third engine at the base of the
vertical stabilizer. The model was a successor to the
Douglas DC-8 for long-range operations, and competed in the same markets as the
Airbus A300,
Boeing 747 "jumbo jet", and the physically similar
Lockheed L-1011 TriStar. Some were built for the
United States Air Force as
air-to-air refueling tankers, designated the
KC-10 Extender.
History
The DC-10 was McDonnell Douglas's first wide-bodied commercial airliner, built to a specification from American Airlines for a widebody aircraft smaller than the Boeing 747 but capable of flying similar long-range routes. It first flew on August 29, 1970 and entered commercial service in 1971, nearly a year before the Lockheed Tristar (which was built to the same specification).
Although many argue the DC-10's safety record was comparable to that of the 747, the DC-10 suffered a poor reputation during the 1970s. A string of DC-10 crashes in the 1970s were highly publicized, and eventually resulted in the DC-10 being briefly grounded by the FAA.
The first problem with the DC-10 was revealed in 1972, when American Airlines Flight 96 lost its aft cargo door after takeoff from Detroit. Unlike most other aircraft, the DC-10 was designed with cargo doors that opened outward instead of inward. This required a heavy locking mechanism to secure the door against the outward force caused by pressurization of the fuselage. On Flight 96, airport employees had forced the door shut, weakening the locking pin and causing the door to blow out as it reached altitude.
Although most carriers promptly repaired their aircraft and re-trained their ground crews, the next crash was to prove much bloodier. Turkish Airlines Flight 981, which crashed into a forest shortly after leaving Paris' Orly Airport in 1974, killed 346 and is ranked as the fifth worst aviation disaster in history. The circumstances surrounding this crash were similar to those surrounding the previous crash: however, a modified seating configuration on the Turkish aircraft caused its control cables to be severed when the cargo door was lost, rendering the aircraft uncontrollable. Following the crash, it became common for passengers to ask not to be booked on a DC-10.
In 1979, with the cargo door issues resolved, DC-10s around the world were grounded following the crash of American Airlines Flight 191, which killed 273 people. Flight 191 lost one of its underwing engines after taking off from O'Hare, and the engine loss damaged the aircraft's hydraulic systems, causing it to lose control. NTSB officials discovered that a maintenance procedure was culprit: American's mechanics had removed the engine and its pylon at the same time using a forklift, and the forklift operator had inadvertently cracked the pylon in the process. The procedure was not approved by Douglas, but most major airlines used it. Although Douglas was not at fault for the pylon separation, it redesigned the DC-10 to allow more redundancies in the hydraulic systems. (It is rumored, although not confirmed, that the crash was a factor in a deal several years later where AA purchased a large order of McDonnell Douglas MD-80's at a discount.)
Air New Zealand Flight 901 also went down that year near Mount Erebus in Antarctica.
Despite this troubled beginning, the DC-10 ultimately proved a reliable aircraft, much loved by engineers and pilots, and the safety record improved as the fleet hours increased. In fact, the DC-10's lifetime safety record as of 2003 surpassed that of the venerable Boeing 747.
Perhaps the most infamous instance of a DC-10 crash was the Flight 232 disaster at Sioux City in 1989. After an emergency landing with no hydraulic controls available to the crew, the aircraft was completely destroyed, but over half of the passengers walked away without major injury.
The 446th and final DC-10 rolled off the production line in 1989.
Variants
The DC-10 was manufactured in five different variants:
- DC-10-10: Original version, produced from 1970. All -10, -15 and -20 were fitted with General Electric CF6-6 engines.\n* DC-10-15: Also known as the "DC-10 Sport," designed for use at hot high-altitude airports. Purchased by several Latin American airlines, including Aeromexico. Produced from 1979.\n* DC-10-20: Long-range version of the DC-10-10, capable of flying transpacific routes. Introduced alongside the DC-10-10.\n* DC-10-30: The most common model, built with General Electric CF6-50 turbofan engines to increase range and fuel efficiency. Offered in passenger, freighter, and convertible versions. Produced from 1972.\n* DC-10-40: Similar to the DC-10-20, but fitted with Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines for longer range. Operated exclusively by JAL. Produced from 1975.
McDonnell Douglas later produced a larger variant called the MD-11. The MD-11 used newer engines, plus a glass cockpit, which eliminated the need for the flight engineer position. The MD-11 entered service in 1991. In addition, some DC-10s have been upgraded by Boeing to the so-called MD-10. The MD-10 has an upgraded cockpit giving it certain benefits of the more modern MD-11 cockpit, and more importantly, a common type rating. This allows companies such as Federal Express, which operate both the MD-10 and MD-11, to have a common pilot pool for both aircraft.
The United States Air Force also operates 60 KC-10 Extenders, DC-10-30's outfitted for aerial refueling.
Operators
The aging model is now finding a new lease on life as a dedicated freight aircraft: many mainline carriers have sold their obsolete DC-10 fleets to cargo carriers such as FedEx. Some passenger airlines, most notably Northwest Airlines and Japan Airlines, continue to operate the DC-10 on trunk routes (although both NWA and JAL have plans to scrap their DC-10s in the near future).
External Links
Footer
\n{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin:5px auto; border:3px solid;width:60%; font-size:small;" align="center"\n!bgcolor="#e0e0e0" colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom:3px solid"|Related content\n|-\n|Related Development\n|align="center"|\nKC-10 Extender\n|-\n|Similar Aircraft\n|align="center"|\nLockheed L-1011\n|-\n|Designation Series\n|align="center"|DC-7 - DC-8 - DC-9 - DC-10 - MD-11\n|-\n|Related Lists\n|align="center"|List of airliners - List of civil aircraft\n|-\n|}
Category:US airliners 1970-1979
