Mountain Jews
\n{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="300"\n|colspan="2" bgcolor="chocolate" align="center"|
Mountain Jews (Juhurim)\n|-\n|bgcolor="orange"|Total population:\n|bgcolor="#ffde80"|
1926:
26,000 (est.)
\n
1959:
25,000 (est.)\n|-\n|bgcolor="orange"|Significant populations in:\n|bgcolor="#ffde80"|\n
Dagestan,
Azerbaijan; no good numbers available
\n|-\n|bgcolor="orange"|Language\n|bgcolor="#ffde80"|
Tati,
Azeri\n|-\n|bgcolor="orange"|Religion\n|bgcolor="#ffde80"|
Judaism\n|-\n|bgcolor="orange"|Related ethnic groups\n|bgcolor="#ffde80"|\nRelated by traditions:
\n
Jews\n
Mountain Jews\n----\nPossibly ethno-biologically related to:
\n
Tats\n|}
Mountain Jews, or
Juhurim, are
Jews of the eastern
Caucasus, mainly of
Dagestan.
Self-designation
\nIn literature they have been referred to as Mountain Jews, Jewish Tats and Dagchufuts.
Location
\nThe majority of Caucasian Mountain Jews live in Dagestan, Kaitag and Magaramkend (three settlements), and in Derbent and Makhachkala, they can be found in a few Azerbaijani villages (Krasnaya Sloboda, Vartashen) and in some towns. A small number have settled in North Caucasia -- Gorny and Nalchik.
Population
\nThe population is difficult to estimate, as during the censuses the Mountain Jews have been counted as members of the overall Jewish community, or as Tats whose language they speak. In 1926 they numbered approximately 26,000; in 1959 about 15,000 lived in Dagestan (the Russian Federation total was 16,707) and more than 10,000 in Azerbaijan. In 1979 the overall number of Jews in Dagestan was 19,000 and 35,000 in Azerbaijan, the percentage of Mountain Jews is unknown.
Language
\nThe Mountain Jews speak Tat, a dialect of Modern Persian, which belongs to the Iranian division of the Indo-European languages. The same language is spoken by the Tats of Azerbaijan and Dagestan to whom the Mountain Jews have sometimes been considered to belong.
\n
Jewish Girls of the Caucasus. By George Kennan, October, 1913.\n
There's some debate on the origin of the Jewish Tats, with some defending that they are not Tat at all but simply Jews that took the Tat language, while others argue that they are the descendants of Tats that converted to
Judaism.
In terms of
ethnic origin, it is assumed that the Mountain Jews and Tats have inhabited
Caucasia for a long time. Their distant forefathers once lived in southern
Azerbaijan, the north-western part of present-day
Iran. It was there that they adopted the Tat language but retained
Judaism as their faith (the Tats are
Muslim). Having become largely assimilated, the predecessors of the Mountain Jews settled on the west coast of the
Caspian Sea in the 5th--6th century and from that time on their history has been related to the mountains and the people of
Dagestan. They resettled from the mountains to the coastal lowlands in the 18th--19th century but carried the name Mountain Jews with them.
Any specific Mountain Jew features, distinguishing them from the
Islamic environment, originate in
Judaism. In the villages (
aouls) the Mountain Jews settled in a part of their own, in towns they did the same, although their dwellings did not differ from their neighbours'. The Mountain Jews also took to wearing the highlanders' dress. Judaistic prohibitions ensured they retained specific dishes and faith still enshrined in the rules for family life.
If elsewhere in the
Jewish diaspora it was forbidden to own and till land (cf. the Jews of
Central Asia), at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century the Mountain Jews were farmers and gardeners growing mainly grain. Their oldest occupation was rice-growing but raising silkworms and tobacco was also popular. The Jewish vineyards were especially famous. The Jews and their
Armenian neighbors were the main producers of wine, an activity banned for
Muslims by religion. Judaism, in turn, strictly limited any meat consumption and unlike their neighbours the Mountain Jews raised few domestic animals.
At the same time they were renowned tanners.
Tanning was the third most important activity after farming and gardening and at the end of the 19th century 6% of Jews were engaged in this trade. Handicrafts and commerce were mostly practiced by Jews in towns.
The
Soviet authorities bound the Mountain Jews to collective farms but allowed them to carry on in their traditional ways (they grew grapes, tobacco and vegetables and made wine). However, the former isolated lifestyle of the Jews has practically been eradicated and they now live side by side with other
ethnic groups.
Originally education was only for the boys who attended
synagogue schools. With sovietization, Tat became the language of tuition at newly-founded elementary schools. It remained so till the beginning of
World War II. The publication of the first native-language newspaper,
Zakhmetkesh (Working People), began in
1928. After the war
Russian became the only acceptable language at
Dagestan schools and the publication of the newspaper stopped. Today Mountain Jewish intellectuals are active in the Dagestan cultural scene. Several of them are prominent actors and artists and there are writers and poets. However, only amateur theatricals and concerts are there to highlight their ethnic culture. Mountain Jewish cultural activities in Azerbaijan are suppressed by flourishing
Azerbaijani chauvinism.
Note: Some text used with permission from www.eki.ee/books/redbook. The original text can be found here.
Category:Ethnic groups
