On the Nature of Things
On the Nature of Things is an
epic first century BC poem by
Lucretius that grandly proclaims the reality of man's role in a
universe without a
god to help him along. It is a statement of personal
responsibility in a world in which everyone is driven by hungers and
passions with which they were born and do not understand.
Seeing with compassion
Lucretius's view is austere, but nevertheless he points out that a few enlightened individuals can escape periodically from their own hungers and passions and look down with compassion on poor humanity, including themselves, who are on average ignorant, unhappy, and yearning for something better than what they see around them. Personal responsibility then consists of speaking and living personal truth.
Accordingly, On the Nature of Things (De rerum natura) is Lucretius's personal statement of truth to an ignorant audience. He hopes that someone will hear, understand, and pass on a seed of truth to help improve the world.
The poem consists of the following main arguments.
- Substance is eternal.\n** Atoms move in an infinite void. \n** It is all atoms and void, nothing else. (Hence, Lucretius's view is labeled as atomism.)
- Man's soul consists of minute atoms that dissipate into smoke when a person dies.\n** Gods exist, but they did not start the universe, and they have no concern for men.
- Likely there are other worlds in the universe much like this one, likewise composed of changing combinations of atoms.\n** Being but shifting combinations of atoms, this world and the other worlds are not eternal.\n** And those other worlds out there are not controlled by gods any more than this one.
- The forms of life in this world and in the other worlds change, increasing in power for a time and then losing power to other forms.\n** Mankind went through a savage beginning, and there has been noticeable improvement in skill and ability, but even this world will pass away.
- Men know by either senses or by reason.\n** Senses are dependable.\n** Reason inferss underlying explanations, but reason can reach false inferences. Hence, inferences must be continually verified against the senses.
- The senses perceive the macroscopic collisions and interactions of bodies.\n** But reason infers the atoms and the void to explain what the senses perceive.
- Men avoid hurt and seek what makes them feel good.\n** The average person then is driven to maximize feeling good while avoiding what hurts.
- People are born with two big vulnerabilities for hurt, the fear of gods and the fear of death.\n** But the gods will not hurt you, and death is easy when life is gone.\n** When you are gone, the atoms in your soul and the atoms in your body will still be here making up something else, a rock, a lake, or a flower.
Persons in the drama
There are several "persons" in the drama of this epic poem. Epicurus is a teacher who passed to Lucretius the light of understanding.
Religio is a monster that attacks men from the sky and seeks to destroy truth. Epicurus wins against
Religio because he explains to the comprehending person the vast and infinite universe, and brings a sudden realisation of what can be and what cannot be. This sudden understanding of the underlying atoms, void, and possible interactions of the universe will free individuals from the inherited fears of gods and of death.
Here are the words of Lucretius translated to English by William Ellery Leonard and provided courtesy the
Gutenberg e-text project.
[1]
- Whilst human kind\n:Throughout the lands lay miserably crushed\n:Before all eyes beneath Religion--who\n:Would show her head along the region skies,\n:Glowering on mortals with her hideous face--\n:A Greek [Epicurus] it was who first opposing dared\n:Raise mortal eyes that terror to withstand,\n:Whom nor the fame of Gods nor lightning's stroke\n:Nor threatening thunder of the ominous sky\n:Abashed; but rather chafed to angry zest\n:His dauntless heart to be the first to rend\n:The crossbars at the gates of Nature old.\n:And thus his will and hardy wisdom won;\n:And forward thus he fared afar, beyond\n:The flaming ramparts of the world, until\n:He wandered the unmeasurable All.\n:Whence he to us, a conqueror, reports\n:What things can rise to being, what cannot,\n:And by what law to each its scope prescribed,\n:Its boundary stone that clings so deep in Time.\n:Wherefore Religion now is under foot,\n:And us his victory now exalts to heaven.
What draws men to religion?
Lucretius has compassion for those men who do not understand the mechanisms of the universe that gave them birth. These ignorant and unfortunate men need religion to explain where they came from, why good things sometimes occur, and what could possibly shield them from the misfortunes they see fall upon others.
- Nor [is this the place] to pursue the atoms one by one,\n:To see the law whereby each thing goes on.\n:But some men, ignorant of matter, think,\n:Opposing this, that not without the gods,\n:In such adjustment to our human ways,\n:Can nature change the seasons of the years,\n:And bring to birth the grains and all of else\n:To which divine Delight, the guide of life,\n:Persuades mortality and leads it on,\n:That, through her artful blandishments of love,\n:It propagate the generations still,\n:Lest humankind should perish. When they feign\n:That gods have stablished all things but for man,\n:They seem in all ways mightily to lapse\n:From reason's truth: for ev'n if ne'er I knew\n:What seeds primordial are, yet would I dare\n:This to affirm, ev'n from deep judgment based\n:Upon the ways and conduct of the skies--\n:This to maintain by many a fact besides--\n:That in no wise the nature of the world\n:For us was builded by a power divine--\n:So great the faults it stands encumbered with:\n:The which, dear Memmius, later on, for thee\n:We will clear up. Now as to what remains\n:Concerning motions we'll unfold our thought.
Lucretius wrote this epic poem to "Memmius," who may be the Gaius Memmius who in 58 BC was a praetor, a judicial official deciding controversies between citizens and between citizens and the government. There are over a dozen references to "Memmius" scattered throughout the long poem in a variety of contexts in translation, such as "Memmius mine," "my Memmius," and "illustrious Memmius."
Creationism versus evolution
Many modern creationists, those defending the faith that some God created people and the world, see this Lucretius poem as a major manifestation of the evil that entices men to hope for freedom from the "moral constraints" that God imposes on them. By this view, Charles Darwin was but the clever missionary of the atomism of
Epicurus and
Lucretius in inventing the "
evolution theory" that could propel atomism to hijack science and philosophy in the service of the "assumption and objectives" of atomism rather than the God of common sense for which science and philosophy were created.
[1]
The creationists have been a formidable foe for atomism, at least among those for whom the mechanics of atomism are not convincing. (See
Creationism versus evolution.) Apparently, Lucretius wrote
On the Nature of Things to convert Gaius Memmius to the atomism view of
Epicurus, but the conversion attempt was unsuccessful.
The creationist
Jerome, writing in about 350 AD of Lucretius's time, asserted that Lucretius took a "love potion" which drove him crazy and eventually killed him, but that during some episodes of clarity, Lucretius was able to write several books. Jerome may be right in what he wrote, but no independent record of Lucretius's real life survived, and Lucretius's poem lives on.
References
\n* E-text of On the Nature of Things [1]\n* Summary of
On the Nature of Things, by section
[1]\n* Analysis of Lucretius's "conversion" challenge in terms of designing a "meme" that would compete with the surrounding memes of creationism; "as doctors sweeten bitter medicine with honey," so Lucretius sweetened the conversion pill as poetry
[1]
Category:Ancient Rome
