Palaeozoic
The
Palaeozoic (also spelt
Paleozoic; Palĉozoic) is one of four Geologic Eras (or more, according to some geologists). The division of time into Eras dates to the 18th Century. The eras are the highest division of the
Geologic Time Scale.
The Palaeozoic includes six Geologic Periods. From oldest to youngest —
Cambrian,
Ordovician,
Silurian,
Devonian,
Carboniferous (
Mississippian and
Pennsylvanian in North America), and
Permian. It extended from roughly 545 million years before present to roughly 245 million years. It follows the
Precambrian Era and is followed by the
Mesozoic Era.
The Palaeozoic covers the time from the first appearance of abundant hard-shelled fossils to the period when the continents were first dominated by large, relatively sophisticated reptiles and relatively modern plant types. The lower (oldest) boundary was classically set at the first appearance of creatures known as
trilobites and archeocyathids. The upper (youngest) boundary is set at a major extinction event 300 million years later. Modern practice sets the lower boundary at the first appearance of a distinctive feeding trace fossil called
Phycodes pedum.
Geologically, the Palaeozoic starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent called
Rodinia, and the end of a global ice age. See
Varanger glaciation and
Snowball Earth. Throughout the Early Palaeozoic, the earth's landmass was broken up into a substantial number of relatively small continents. Toward the end of the Era, the continents gathered together into a supercontinent
Pangea including most of the Earth's land area.
At the start of the Era, life was confined to bacteria, algae, sponges and a variety of somewhat enigmatic forms known collectively as the
Ediacarian fauna. A large number of body plans appeared nearly simultaneously at the start of the Era -- a phenomenon known as the
Cambrian Explosion. There is some evidence that simple life may already have invaded the land at the start of the Palaeozoic, but substantial plants and animals did not take to the land until the
Silurian and did not thrive until the
Devonian period. Although primitive vertebrates are known from very close to the start of the Palaeozoic, animal forms were dominated by invertebrates until the mid-Palaeozoic. Fish populations exploded in the
Devonian period. During the late Palaeozoic, great forests of primitive plants thrived on land forming the great coal beds of Europe and Eastern North America. By the end of the Era, the first large sophisticated reptiles and the first modern plants (
conifers) had developed.
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