Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (
May 1,
1881 -
April 10,
1955) was a
Jesuit paleontologist and
philosopher involved in popularising the concept of the
noosphere, and present at the discovery of
Peking Man.
Teilhard de Chardin was born in Orcines, close to
Clermont-Ferrand, in
France. He was the fourth child of a large family. His father, an amateur naturalist, collected stones, insects and plants, and promoted the observation of nature in the household. Teilhard's spirituality was awakened by his mother. When he was 11, he went to the Jesuit college of Mongré, in Villefranche-sur-Saone, until completing baccalaureates of philosophy and mathematics. Then, in
1899, he entered the Jesuit novitiate at
Aix en Provence beginning a philosophical, theological and spiritual career.
As of the summer
1901, the
Waldeck-Rousseau laws, which submitted congregational associations' properties to state control, forced the Jesuits into exile. Then, they opened their houses in the
United Kingdom. The young Jesuit students had to continue their studies in
Jersey. In the meantime, Teilhard gained in
1902 a licentiate of literature in
Caen.
From
1905 to
1908, he taught
physics and
chemistry in
Cairo,
Egypt, at the Jesuit college of the Holy Family. He wrote "... it is the dazzling of the East foreseen and drunk greedily... in its lights, its vegetation, its fauna and its deserts." (
Letters from Egypt (1905-1908) -
Editions Aubier)
Teilhard studied theology in
Hastings, in
Sussex (United Kingdom), from
1908 to
1912. There, he made the synthesis of his scientific, philosophical and theological knowledge in the light of Evolution. The reading of
l'Evolution Créatrice (the creative Evolution) of
Henri Bergson was, he said, the "... catalyst of a fire which devoured already its heart and its spirit." He was ordained a priest on
August 24,
1911, aged 30.
From
1912 to
1914, Teilhard worked at the laboratory of paleontology of the
Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, in
Paris, on the
mammals of the middle
Tertiary sector and thereafter in
Europe. Professor Marcellin Boulle, specialist in
Neanderthal studies, gradually directed him in the direction of human
paleontology. At the Institute of human paleontology, he became a friend of Henri Breuil and took part with him, in
1913, in excavations in the prehistoric painted caves of the northwest of
Spain, at the Cave of Castillo.
Mobilised in December
1914, Teilhard served in
World War I as a stretcher-bearer in the 8th regiment of
Moroccan riflemen. For his valour, he received several citations including the
Médaille Militaire and the
Legion of Honor.
Throughout these years of war he developed his reflections in his diaries and in letters to his cousin, Marguerite Teillard-Chambon, who later edited them into a book:
Genèse d'une pensée (
Genesis of a thought). He confessed later: "... the war was a meeting ... with the Absolute." In
1916, he wrote his first essay:
La Vie Cosmique (
Cosmic life), where his scientific and philosophical thought was revealed just as his mystical life. He pronounced his solemn wish to become a Jesuit in Sainte Foy-the-Lyon, on
May 26,
1918, during a leave. In August
1919, in Jersey, he would write
Puissance spirituelle de la Matière (
the spiritual Power of Matter). The complete essays written between
1916 and
1919 are published under the following titles:\n*
Ecrits du temps de la Guerre (
Written in time of the War) (TXII of complete Works) -
Editions du Seuil\n*
Genèse d'une pensée (letters of
1914 to
1918) -
Editions Grasset
Teilhard followed at the
Sorbonne three unit degrees of natural science:
geology,
botany and
zoology. His thesis treated of the mammals of the French lower
Eocene and their stratigraphy. After
1920, he lectured in geology at the Catholic Institute of Paris, then became an assistant professor after being granted a science Doctorate in
1922.
In
1923 he traveled to
China with Father Emile Licent, who was in charge in
Tien Tsin for a significant laboratory collaborating with the Natural history museum in Paris and the Marcellin Boule laboratory. Licent carried out considerable basic work in connection with
missionaries who accumulated observations of a scientific nature in their spare time. He was known as 德日進 in China.
Teilhard wrote several essays, including
La Messe sur le Monde (the
Mass on the World), in the
desert of
Ordos. In the following year he continued lecturing at the Catholic Institute and participated in a cycle of conferences for the students of the Engineers' Schools. Two theological essays on "original sin" sent to a theologian, on his request, on a purely personal basis, were wrongly understood.
- July 1920: Chute, Rédemption et Géocentrie (Fall, Redemption and Geocentry)\n* Spring 1922: Notes sur quelques représentations historiques possibles du Péché originel (Notes on few possible historical representations of original sin) (Works, Tome X)
The Church hierarchy required him to give up his lecturing at the Catholic Institute and to continue his geological research in China.
Teilhard travelled again to China in April
1926. He would remain there more or less twenty years, with many voyages throughout the world. He settled until
1932 in Tientsin with Emile Licent then in
Beijing. From
1926 to
1935, Teilhard made five geological research expeditions in China. They enabled him to establish a first general geological map of China.
In
1926-
1927 after a missed campaign in
Gansu he travelled in the Sang-Kan-Ho valley near Kalgan (Zhangjiakou) and made a tour in Eastern
Mongolia. He wrote
Le Milieu Divin (
the divine Medium. Teilhard prepared the first pages of his main work
Le Phénomène humain (
The human Phenomenon).
As an Advisor to the Chinese national geological service, he supervised the geology and the paleontology of the excavations of Choukoutien (
Zhoukoudian) near Beijing. In December
1929 he took part in the discovery of
Sinanthropus pekinensis, or
Peking Man. He resided in
Manchuria with Emile Licent, then stayed in Western Shansi (
Shanxi) and northern Shensi (
Shaanxi) with the Chinese paleontologist C. C. Young and with
Davidson Black, Chairman of the Geological Survey of China.
After a tour in Manchuria in the area of Great Khingan with Chinese geologists, Teilhard joined the team of American Expedition Center-Asia in the
Gobi organised in June and July, by the American Museum of Natural History with
Roy Chapman Andrews.
\nHenri Breuil and Teilhard discovered that the
Peking Man, the nearest relative of
Pithecanthropus from
Java, was a "
faber" (worker of stones and controller of fire). He wrote
L'Esprit de la Terre (
the Spirit of the Earth).
Teilhard took part as a scientist in the famous "Yellow Cruise" in
Central Asia. He joined in the northwest of Beijing in Kalgan the China group who joined the second part of the team, the
Pamir group, in Aksu. He remained with his colleagues for several months in
Urumqi, capital of
Sinkiang. The following year the
Sino-Japanese War began.
Teilhard undertook several explorations in the south of China. He traveled in the valleys of
Yangtze and
Szechuan in
1934, then, the following year, in Kwang-If and
Guangdong. The relationship with Marcellin Boule was disrupted; the Museum cut its financing on the grounds that Teilhard worked more for the Chinese Geological Service than for the Museum.
During all these years, Teilhard strongly contributed to the constitution of an international network of research in human Paleontology related to the whole Eastern and south Eastern zone of the Asian continent. He would be particularly associated in this task with two Anglo-Saxon friends, the English/Canadian Davidson Black and the Scot George B. Barbour. Many times he would visit France or the
United States, only to leave these countries to go on further expeditions.
From
1927-
1928 Teilhard stayed in France, based in Paris. He journeyed to
Leuven,
Belgium, to
Cantal, and to
Ariège, France. Between several articles in reviews, he met new people such as
Paul Valery and Bruno de Solages, who was to help him in issues with the
Roman Catholic Church.
Answering an invitation from Henry de Monfreid, Teilhard undertook a journey of two months in
Obock in
Harrar and in
Somalia with his colleague Pierre Lamarre, geologist, before embarking in
Djibouti to return to
Tientsin.
"Monfreid and I, we did not have anything any more European", joked Teilhard. "Once we dropped anchor, at night, along the basaltic cliffs where the incense grew. The men were going by dugout to fish odd fishes within the
corals. One day, Hissas sold us a kid
goat with camel milk. The crew took this opportunity "to dedicate" the ship. The old reheated Negro who served Monfreid in his whole adventures dyed with blood the rudder, the mast, the front part of the ship, then, later in the night, it was the song of the
Koran in the medium of thick
incense smoke."
From
1930-
1931 Teilhard stayed in France and in the United States. During a conference in Paris, Teilhard stated: "For the observers of the Future, the greatest event will be the sudden appearance of a collective humane conscience and a human work to make."
From
1932-
1933 he began to meet people to clarify issues with the
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, regarding
Le Milieu Divin and
L'Esprit de la Terre. He met Helmut von Terra, a
German geologist in the International Geology Congress in
Washington, DC. A few months later Davidson Black died.
Teilhard participated in the
1935 Yale-
Cambridge expedition in northern and central India with the geologist Helmut von Terra and Patterson, who verified their assumptions on
Indian paleolithic civilisations in
Kashmir and the Salt Range Valley.
He then made a short stay in
Java, on the invitation of Professor Ralph von Koenigsvald to the site of Java man. A second
cranium, more complete, was discovered. This
Dutch paleontologist had found (in 1933) a tooth in a Chinese
apothecary shop in 1934 that he believed belonged to a giant tall
ape that lived around half a million years ago.
In
1937 Teilhard wrote
Le Phénomène spirituel (
the spiritual Phenomenon) on board the boat
the Empress of Japan, where he met the
Rajah of
Sarawak). The ship conveyed him to the United States. He received the Mendel medal granted by
Villanova University during the Congress of
Philadelphia in recognition of his works on human paleontology. He made a speech about
evolution, origins and the destiny of Man. The
New York Times dated
March 19,
1937 presented Teilhard as the Jesuit who held that the man descended from monkeys. Some days later, he was to be granted
Doctor honoris causa of the Catholic University of Boston. When coming to the meeting, he was told that the distinction had been cancelled.
He then stayed in France, where he was immobilized by
malaria. During his return voyage in Beijing he wrote
L'Energie spirituelle de la Souffrance (
Spiritual Energy of the Suffering) (Complete Works, tome VII).
To Teilhard de Chardin
evolution unfolded from cell to organism to planet to solar system and whole-universe (see
Gaia theory).
Quote
\n:"We only have to look around us to see how complexity and psychic 'temperature' are still rising: and rising no longer on the scale of the individual but now on that of the planet. This indication is so familiar to us that we cannot but recognize the objective, experiential, reality of a transformation of the planet 'as a whole.'" -- from The Heart of Matter (1950)
References
\n(biographical notice raised from readings : \n*Claude Cuenot, Teilhard de Chardin, Editions du Rocher, \n*Edith de la Heronnière, Teilhard de Chardin, Editions Pygmalion)
Partial Bibliography
\n* Le Phénomène Humain (1955)\n** The Phenomenon of Man (1975)\n* Letters From a Traveler (1956; English translation 1962)\n* Le Groupe Zoologique Humain (1956)\n** Man's Place in Nature (1973)\n* Le Milieu Divin (1957)\n** The Divine Milieu (1968)\n* L'Avenir de l'Homme (1959)\n** The Future of Man (1964)
External links
\n* Wikiquotes of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin\n*
Cyberspace and the Dream of Teilhard de Chardin\n*
Is Noogenesis Progressing?\n*
The Human Phenomenon
\n\n
