Scholasticism

\nScholasticism comes from the Latin word scholasticus which means "that [which] belongs to the school", and is the school of philosophy taught by the academics (or schoolmen) of medieval universities circa 1100 - 1500. Scholasticism attempted to reconcile the philosophy of the ancient classical philosophers with medieval Christian theology. In each discipline, the scholastics used a book by a renowned scholar, called auctor, as basic course literature. By reading this book thoroughly and critically, the disciples learned to appreciate the theories of the auctor, and thus of the problems studied in the whole discipline, in a critical and self-confident way. Scholastic works therefore have a tendency to take the form of a long list of "footnotes" to the works studied, not being able to take a stand as theories on their own. Scholastic philosophy usually combined logic, metaphysics and semantics into one discipline, and is generally recognized to have developed our understanding of logic significantly when compared to the older sources. In the high scholastic period of 1250 - 1350 the philosophy of nature, psychology, epistemology and philosophy of science were also important areas of inquiry. In Spain, the scholastics also made important contributions to economic theory, which would influence the later development of the Austrian school. During the humanism of the 1400s and 1500s, scholastics were put to the background and somewhat forgotten. This has been the source of the view of scholastics as a rigid, formalistic, aged and unproper way of doing philosophy. During the catholic scholastic revival in the late 1800s and early 1900s the scholastics were repopularized, but with a kind of narrow focus on certain scholastics and their respective schools of thought, notably Thomas Aquinas. In this context, scholasticism is often used in theology or metaphysics, but not many other areas of inquiry. The following authors were commonly used as auctors:\n*Aristotle\n*Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius\n*Plato (specifically, Timaeus)\n*Peter Lombard (specifically, his Sentences)

Table of contents

1 Famous Scholastics 2 Key Anti-Scholastics 3 See Also

Famous Scholastics

(For a more complete listing, see the list of scholastic philosophers.)

• Early scholastics (1100 - 1250):\n**Pierre Abélard\n**Peter Lombard\n**Gilbert de la Porrée\n*High scholastics (1250 - 1350):\n**Robert Grosseteste\n**Roger Bacon\n**Albertus Magnus\n**Thomas Aquinas\n**Boëthius de Dacia\n**Duns Scotus\n**Radulphus Brito\n**William of Ockham\n**Jean Buridan\n*Late scholastics (1350 - 1500):\n**Marsilius of Padua

Key Anti-Scholastics

• Rene Descartes. His method and terms, however, are largely scholastic.\n* Thomas Hobbes\n* Robert Boyle\n* Galileo Galilei

See Also

\n* Medieval philosophy\n* Duns Scotus External link:\n* Etext of 1908 document about Scholasticism\n* http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13548a.htm\n* Yahoo! directory category: Scholasticism Category:Philosophy by tradition