Singapore
Category:Singapore\nThe
Republic of Singapore (
Chinese 新加坡共和国,
Xīnjīapō Gònghéguó;
Malay Republik Singapura;
Tamil சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு,
Cingkappūr Kudiyarasu), is an island city-
state in
Southeast Asia, at latitude 1°17'35"N longitude 103°51'20"E, situated on the southern tip of
Malay Peninsula, south of the state of
Johor of
Peninsular Malaysia and north of the
Indonesian islands of
Riau.
History
\nMain article: History of Singapore
Singapore's history dates at least as far back as the 14th century. At that time, it emerged as Temasek, a port and fortified city of some importance. It was part of the Sri Vijaya Empire based in Sumatra, which was undergoing a protracted period of decline. While the written historical records of the Malays (the 'Sejarah Melayu', or Malay Annals) tend to exaggerate claims of the city's greatness, recent archaeological evidence does point to an urban settlement and trading centre of some importance. \nFollowing the decline of Sri Vijayan power, Temasek was claimed by rival emerging regional powers such as the Majapahit Empire in Java and the Ayuthia Kingdom in Thailand. The city's fortifications allowed it to withstand at least one attempted Thai invasion. Around this time, at start of the 15th century, Temasek was also renamed 'Singapura', which means 'Lion City' in Sanskrit. \nThe modern city of Singapore was founded in 1819 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles as a British trading settlement. \nFor most parts of the 19th and 20th century, Singapore was a British colony, part of the Straits Settlement together with Penang and Malacca.\nThe British surrendered Singapore to Japan in 1942 during World War II, and it was returned to British administration in 1945. Self-government was granted by the British in 1959. In 1963, Singapore joined Malaysia but separated from it in 1965 and was re-instituted as an independent republic. It has subsequently become one of the world's most prosperous countries, with strong international trading links (its port is one of the world's busiest) and with per capita GDP above that of the leading nations of Western Europe. During the early years, it was led by prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, whose policies were responsible for Singapore's prosperity and authoritarianism.
Politics
\nMain article: Politics of Singapore
Singapore has a Westminster-style constitution. There is an appointed figurehead president, with true executive power resting with the prime minister who leads the majority party in the elected parliament.
In practice, politics is dominated by the People's Action Party which has ruled since Independence. Over the years the PAP has instituted several harsh laws that discourage and impede the creation and success of effective opposition parties. The mode of government is perhaps closer to authoritarianism than true democracy. Paradoxically (for political scientists), Singapore has a highly successful, corruption-free, and transparent market economy. Singapore is officially known as a Socialist Democracy.
Economy
\nMain article: Economy of Singapore
Singapore enjoys a highly developed and successful free-market economy, characterised by a remarkably open and corruption-free environment, stable prices, and one of the highest per capita GDPss in the world. The economy depends heavily on exports, particularly in electronics and manufacturing, and was hard hit in 2001 by the global recession and the slump in the technology sector. In 2001, GDP contracted by 2.2%. The economy is expected to recover in 2002 in response to improvements in the US economy, and GDP growth for 2002 is projected to be 3% to 4%. In the longer term the government hopes to establish a new growth path that will be less vulnerable to the external business cycle than the current export-led model, but is unlikely to abandon efforts to establish Singapore as Southeast Asia's financial and high-tech hub.
The GDP per capital income in 2003 - US$23,700 (est.) with an unemployment rate hovering around 5% in the same year.
The Economic Review Committee (ERC), set up in December 2001, made key recommendations to remake Singapore into:
- a globalised economy where Singapore is the key node in the global network, linked to all the major economies;
- a creative and entrepreneurial nation willing to take risks to create fresh businesses and blaze new paths to success; and
- a diversified economy powered by the twin engines of manufacturing and services, where vibrant Singapore companies complement MNCs, and new startups co-exist with traditional businesses exploiting new and innovative ideas.
Geography
\nMain article: Geography of Singapore
Singapore's main territory is a diamond-shaped piece of land that would be an island, if it was not connected to the city of
Johor Bahru in the state of
Johor (
Malaysia) by a man-made causeway to the north. This causeway is set to be replaced through the construction of a new bridge to Johor Bahru. There is also a second link in the form of a bridge to Johor to the west in the Tuas area. Singapore also has dozens of smaller islands, of which
Jurong Island,
Pulau Tekong,
Pulau Ubin and
Sentosa are the largest. Since Singapore basically consists of only one city, there are no further administrative divisions.
Demographics
\nMain article: Demographics of Singapore
Apart from the much smaller Monaco, Singapore is the
most densely populated independent country in the world. 85% of the population live in
public housing provided by the
Housing and Development Board (HDB). Source:
Dept of Statistics
Singapore's population is diverse.
Chinese account for 76.8% of the population,
Malayss 13.9% who were the indigenous or native group of the country.
Indianss are the third largest ethnic group at 7.9%. Source:
Singapore Department of Statistics Census 2000.
\nThe official languages are
English,
Mandarin Chinese,
Malay and
Tamil. Malay is also Singapore's national language but this is largely symbolic,\nbeing the language of the
national anthem. The ruling PAP (
People's Action Party) has preferred to promote English as the country's
lingua franca, with Malay being confined largely to its native speakers, with relatively few of the majority Chinese and Indian Singaporeans speaking it.
Culture
\nMain article: Culture of Singapore
Singapore is a small and relatively modern amalgam of
Chinese,
Malay and
Indian migrants. There appears little in the way of specifically Singaporean culture, as there is little intermarriage, although there is a community of
Peranakan or 'Straits Chinese', of mixed Chinese and Malay descent. The major public holidays reflect this diversity, including
Chinese New Year,
Buddhist Vesak Day,
Muslim Eid ul-Fitr and
Eid ul-Adha (known locally by its
Malay names
Hari Raya Puasa and
Hari Raya Haji respectively),
Hindu Diwali (known locally by its original name
Deepavali). While
Christians are a minority,
Christmas Day,
Good Friday, and
New Year's Day are also public holidays.
\n*Design in Singapore
Laws
\nLaws are often strict (there is a saying "Singapore is a 'fine' country", where the "fine" is of the monetary kind):
- The sale of chewing gum was forbidden for 12 years until May 2004. However, those that buy chewing gum must show their ID, give their name, and have a doctor's prescription. If the pharmacist that sells the gum does not take the name of the buyer, they face a $3,000 fine. \n*Heavy fines and community service are levied on people who litter or discard items in public areas.\n*Car ownership is curbed through a government scheme in which car owners must bid for a Certificate of Entitlement (COE).\n*Eating and drinking on buses and metro trains (also known as the Mass Rapid Transit system) also carries heavy fines.\n*Vandalism and graffiti are punishable by mandatory caning.\n*There is tough (by western standards) censorship:\n**Some foreign newspapers and magazines, such as the Asian Wall Street Journal and the Far Eastern Economic Review have had their circulation or sale restricted. Malaysian newspapers are not allowed to be sold in Singapore (and vice versa) \n**pornography is not allowed; depiction of sex and nudity is restricted, e.g. Playboy and certain other 'adult' magazines such as Cosmopolitan Magazine are not allowed. Sex and nudity, if allowed at all, must be relevant to the context; movies containing nudity, sex or high levels of violence are usually categorised as Mature 18 (M18). \n**It is of note that the government has shown some interest in laxing these standards, and has in recent times introduced a new movie category allowing 18-year-olds to view more mature content (M18), besides the existing NC-16 and R21 ratings.\n**Private ownership of satellite dishes is banned, and international TV broadcasts (such as CNN, BBC, etc) can only be received by cable. \n**Certain political material is not allowed.\n**Material which may disturb religious and racial harmony is not allowed.\n*Narcotics laws are very strict.\n**Anyone caught with more than or equal to 13-14 g (0.5 ounces) of heroin, 28 g (1 ounce) of morphine or 480 g (17 ounces) of cannabis faces mandatory capital punishment. From 1991-2004, 400 people have been hanged in Singapore, mostly for drug trafficking, the highest execution rate in the world relative to population. See Singapore Government's response to its capital punishment.\n*Sex deemed by the Government to be "against the order of nature", including oral sex and homosexual penetration, is illegal.
In 2003, the Censorship Review Committee recommended that the ban on Cosmopolitan Magazine be lifted but that the one on Playboy be continued because the Singaporean community is not ready for Playboy's liberal use of sexually explicit photographs.
In recent years, the Singaporean government relaxed some of the stricter laws. For example, bungy jumping is no longer illegal. Film censorship has also been relaxed. There are also signs that the government is considering relaxing a number of laws concerning sex.
It is of note that while some strict (and to the point of being ludicrous) laws exist in theory, the government (usually) does not deliberately enforce these laws. For instance, while possession of pornography is illegal, no known checks have been made. Neither has the government tried to enforce a rule stating that oral sex be performed only as a precursor to sexual intercourse.
An American teenager, Michael Fay, aroused passionate media interest from the United States after he was caught vandalising Singaporean cars in 1994. There was a formal request by the American government not to carry out the sentence, which was caning. (Caning is also still allowed in Singapore schools, but only by the principal and/or the discipline master, and only for very serious offences, such as smoking. Furthermore, the canes used in schools are much less thick than those used on criminals, which can cause wounds with only one stroke.) Senior Minister Lee Kwan Yew called American practices "soft" and denied the appeal. Fay was caned and interest in the incident has fallen since.
Capital punishment
The Singapore government has released
figures giving a breakdown of the numbers of executions that have taken place over the past five years. Executions by
hanging occur every Friday morning in
Changi prison; relatives are informed of the date of the execution four days before it is scheduled to take place, seven to fourteen days beforehand in the case of foreigners as is detailed in the Singapore government's
response to Amnesty International on the subject.
Trivia
\n* Traffic drives on the left.\n* Officially, the
English used is modelled on
British English (spelling and grammar), though some
American English vocabulary and other influences are present. (As an example, British newspapers have "sport pages" while they are called "sports pages" locally.) The local colloquial version of English, also known as
Singlish, is a combination of English with Hokkien accents and a smattering of words from other local languages. It is popular but frowned upon in official contexts, and this matter has been brought up in recent years by the government. Despite this, enthusiasts have come up with a "Coxford" Singlish Dictionary, available online at
TalkingCock.com\n*
Date format: DD/MM/YYYY\n*
Postal code: 6 digits.\n* Telephone prefixes: 6xxx-xxxx land lines; 8xxx-xxxx (from
April 2004) and 9xxx-xxxx mobile lines.\n* System of units:
SI (
Metric)\n*
Voltage: 220-240V, 50 Hz;
Power connector: 3-pin rectangular (British)
Miscellaneous topics
\n* Communications in Singapore\n*
Transportation in Singapore\n*
Military of Singapore\n*
Education in Singapore\n*
Foreign relations of Singapore\n*
Tourism in Singapore\n*
Changi International Airport
Reference
\n*This article incorporates public domain text from the CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Department of State website.
External links
\n* The Singapore Wiki\n*
Singapore Government Online Portal\n*
The Singapore Infomap\n*
Singapore travel guide at Wikitravel
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Category:World cities
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