Wake Island
Wake Island is a atoll (having a coastline of 19.3 kilometers) in the North
Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from
Hawaii to the
Northern Mariana Islands. Wake is an atoll of three coral islands formed from an underwater volcano. Its central lagoon is the former crater and the island is part of the rim. As an unincorporated territory of the
United States, it is administered by the
U.S. Department of the Interior, but activities on the island are managed by the
United States Air Force.
Geography
\n*Geographic coordinates: 19 17 N, 166 36 E\n*Area (land): 6.5 sq km\n*Coastline: 19.3 km\n*Maritime claims\n**exclusive economic zone: 200 nm\n**territorial sea: 12 nm\n*Climate: tropical, with occasional typhoons\n*Elevation extremes:\n**lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m\n**highest point: unnamed location 6 m
History
\nThe Spanish discovered the uninhabitated island in 1568. The British visited it in 1796 and named it after Captain William Wake. It was annexed by the United States on January 17, 1899. In 1935, Wake became a commercial air base on the route to Asia.
In January 1941, the United States Navy constructed a military base on the atoll. On August 19, the first permanent military garrison, elements of the 1st Marine Defense Battalion. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Wake Island and the garrison repulsed the first Japanese landing attempt (one of only two times in World War II that an amphibious assault was unsuccessful) and sunk the first Japanese naval ship in World War II.
The second siege on the United States Wake garrison continued without resupply and Wake fell to the Japanese Special Landing Force on December 23, 1941 (the same day that General Douglas MacArthur begins withdrawal from Manila to Bataan). Henry Talmage Elrod was awarded the United States Congressional Medal of Honor posthumously for his action on the Island. The Japanese captured the men remaining on the island (of which the majority were civilian contractors employed with Morrison-Knudsen Company}.
On February 24, 1942, USS Enterprise attacked the Japanese garrison on Wake Island. The United States forces bombed the island from 1942 until Japan's surrender in 1945. On July 8, 1943, B-24 Liberators in transit from Midway Island bombed the Japanese garrison on Wake Island. George H. W. Bush also conducted his first mission as an aviator over Wake Island. Afterwards, Wake was occasionally raided, but never attacked en masse.
However, on October 7, 1943, fearing an imminent invasion, Rear Admiral Shigematsu Sakaibara ordered the execution of the 98 American laborers that had been left on the island. They were taken to the northern end of the island, blindfolded, and machine-gunned. For his crimes, Sakaibara and his subordinate, Lieutenant-Commander Tachibana were sentenced to death. (Tachibana sentence was later commutted to life in prison)
Carrier planes from USS Yorktown conducted an extremely successful raid in October 1943. Admiral Shigematsu Sakaibara, believed that a massive invasion was coming and ordered the execution of the 98 United States soldiers. On September 4, 1945, the remaining Japanese garrison surrendered to a detachement of the United States Marine Corps. In a brief ceremony, the handover of Wake was officially conducted.
Subsequently the island was used for strategic defense and operations during the Cold War. It was administered by the United States Army Missile and Strategic Defense Command.
Economy
\nSince 1974, the island's airstrip has been used by the U.S. military and some commercial cargo planes, as well as for emergency landings. There are over 700 landings a year on the island. There are also two offshore anchorages for large ships
The United States military personnel have left and there are no indigenous inhabitants. It is claimed by the Marshall Islands and some civilian personnel ("contractor inhabitants") remain. As of October 2001, 200 contractor personnel were present (July 2004 estimate). The island remains a strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean. The island serves as an emergency landing location for transpacific flights. Some World War II facilities and wreckage remain on the islands.
External links
\n* Wake Island : Pacific Wreck Database\n* Wake Island : Dictionary Definition\n* History of Wake Island : Richard's ramblings\n* Surrender of Wake by the Japanese : Marines in World War II
Category:Insular areas of the United States
