Westminster System
The
Westminster System is a
democratic system of government modelled after that of the
United Kingdom system of government and used in
Westminster, the seat of government, hence its name. It is used in a number of
Commonwealth nations such as
Canada,
Australia,
Malaysia,
Singapore,
Jamaica,
New Zealand and
India and in non-Commonwealth states like
Ireland. It is a series of procedures for operating a
legislature. Although Westminster systems are
parliamentary systems, there are parliamentary governments, such as Germany and Italy, whose legislative procedures differ considerably from the Westminster system.
Aspects of the Westminster system include: \n*an
executive branch made up of members of the legislature; \n*the presence of opposition parties; \n*a bicameral or unicameral legislature, where each house usually is elected on a different basis and/or for different terms, or where the members of the upper house (for example, the
British House of Lords) are somehow appointed; the upper house usually has less power than the lower house (for example, the
British House of Commons,
Jamaican House of Representatives), which is usually popularly elected. See
Senate,
House of Commons;\n*a ceremonial head of state who is different from the head of government, and who may possess
reserve powers which are not normally exercised.
Most of the procedures of a Westminster system, though not in Ireland, are typically defined by
convention, practice and
precedent along with, or rather than,
codification through a written
constitution. Many older constitutions using the Westminster system may not even mention the existence of a head of government or
Prime Minister, with the office's existence and role evolving outside the primary constitutional text.
Operation
\nIn a Westminster system, the members of parliament are elected by popular vote. The head of government is usually chosen by being invited to form a government by the head of state or representative of the head of state (ie, governor-general in some Commonwealth states), not by parliamentary vote. (See Kiss Hands.) A notable exception occurs in the Republic of Ireland, where the Taoiseach (prime minister) prior to appointment by the President of Ireland is nominated by the democratically elected lower house, Dáil Éireann.
The head of government, usually called the Prime Minister, must be able either (a) to control a majority of seats within the elected legislative chamber, (b) ensure the existence of no absolute majority against them. If the parliament passes a resolution of no confidence or if the\ngovernment fails to pass a major bill such as the budget, then the government must either resign so that a different government can be appointed or seek a parliamentary dissolution so that new public elections may be held in order to re-confirm or deny their mandate.
Although the dissolution of the legislature and the call for new elections is formally done by the head of state, by convention the head of state acts according to the wishes of the head of government.
In exceptional circumstances the head of state may either refuse a dissolution request (as in the the King-Byng Affair), or dismiss the government (as in the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975); either action is likely to bend or break existing conventions. The Lascelles Principles were an attempt to create a convention to cover similar situations, but have not been tested in practice.
Ceremonies
\nThe Westminster system has a very distinct appearance when functioning, with many British customs incorporated into day-to-day government function. A Westminster-style parliament is usually a long, rectangular room, with two rows of seats and desks on either side. The chairs are positioned so that the two rows are facing each other. The intended purpose of this arrangement is to create a visual representation of the conflict-filled nature of parliamentary government. Traditionally, the opposition parties will sit in one row of seats, and the government party will sit in the other. Of course, sometimes a majority government is so large, it must use the "opposition" seats as well. In the lower house at Westminster (the House of Commons) there are two lines on the floor in front of the government and opposition benches which members may only cross when exiting the chamber. The distance between the lines is the length of two swords.
At one end of the room sits a large chair, for the Speaker of the House. The speaker usually wears a black robe, and in many countries, a wig. Robed parliamentary clerks often sit at narrow tables between the two rows of seats, as well.
Other ceremonies sometimes associated with the Westminster system include an annual Speech from the Throne (or equivalent) in which the Head of State gives a special address (written by the government) to parliament about what kind of policies to expect in the coming year, and lengthy "opening of parliament" ceremonies that often involve the presentation of a large, ceremonial mace.
Consequences
\nThere are a number of consequences of the Westminster system. They tend to have extremely well-disciplined legislative parties in which it is highly unusual and generally suicidal for a \nlegislator to vote against their party and in which no confidence votes are very rare.\nAlso, Westminster systems tend to have strong cabinets in which cabinet members\nother than the prime minister are politicians with independent basis of support.\nConversely, legislative committees in Westminster systems tend to be weak.
Another convention of the Westminster system at least used to be that ministers were responsible for the actions of their department (even though government departments can be huge bureaucracies with powerful senior staff), so if the department was responsible for a major misjudgement, blame would fall on the minister regardless of whether they were involved or even aware of the situation. Such a convention of ministerial responsibility, if it were ever explicitly followed, is now ignored, with ministers now only forced to resign when they become such an embarrassment to their government that they are too much of a political liability to leave in their post.
A related convention is that members of the Cabinet are collectively seen as responsible for government policy and ministers must publicly support the policy of the government regardless of their private reservation. A minister is duty-bound to resign if they cannot publicly support the government's position.
Some countries under the Westminster system
\n* The United Kingdom\n* Canada\n* Australia\n* New Zealand\n* Singapore\n* Jamaica\n* India\n* Malaysia
See also:
\n* Magna Carta\n* English Civil War\n* Glorious Revolution\n* English Bill of Rights
Category:Elections
